Technology

A computer applications given to help surgeons  to achieve great results in the patient operations and also technology has taken as the most important part of the surgery to achieve the required of operations, surgeons are using such as robot ,laser devices simulations and imaging scans for easier and safer treatment.
Computer application on surgery involves surgical concept and set methods that use computer technology for surgical planning and for guiding or performing surgical interventions .this can well be known as computer aided surgery, computer assisted intervention, image guided surgery and surgical navigation. The working principle behind this is that the anatomical region to be operated has to be scanned and uploaded into the computer systems where the system converts the results to be readable. This can also involve a number of scanning methods with datasets combined through data fusion technique. Surgery is a traumatic invasion of the body and should be deserved for situations that demand the actual removal of disease or damaged organs or tissue or the correction (social impacts of computer pg183)
The final objective is the creation of three dimensional dataset that reproduces the exact geometrical situation of the normal and pathological tissues and structures of that region. And of the available scanning methods the CT is preferred because MRI datasets are known to have volumetric deformations that may lead to inaccuracy. The following are examples of computer aide surgery
1. Neurosurgery
2. Oral and maxi facial surgery
3. Orthopaedic surgery
4. Visceral surgery
5. Radio surgery
This report focuses on the following sub topics
Benefits of computer
 Application on surgery
Due to computer involvement in robot assisted micro surgeon high dexterity operations with the help of robotic hands can be performed perfectly and this means that the surgeon can be able to carry out a more precise and a highly controlled surgery.
In sarafs article role of robot assisted microsurgery in plastic surgery Indian journal of

Plastic surgery, 39 57-61.following the study and research carried out at the field the

High degree of accuracy is achieved since the surgeon needs not to use his own hands which are prone to tremors or irregular frequency and hand jerk which can cause a defect on a tissue. This problem of tremors is totally eliminated by the help of tremor filters and motion scalpers leading to superior dexterity. Through computer aided surgery, surgeons can easily asses most of the surgical difficulties and risks and have a clear idea how to optimize the surgical approach and decrease surgical mobility. During the operation the computer guidance improves the geometrical accuracy of the surgical gestures and also reduces the redundancy of the surgeons act thus improving the ergonomic in the operating theatre is improved. Computer aided surgery also helps to decrease the risks of surgical errors sand reduces the operating time thus saving more time for taking other operations. The limiting factors basically arise due to undesired involuntary and inadvertent movement of the hand which creates an error component in hand motion (s.saraf 19, 2006)

This technology has also saved surgeons a lot since it reduces the risks involved when handling deadly diseases like Aids which are not curable. as a result of computer application in surgery patients have benefited from it since there is less discomfort  quicker recovery  and return to normal life shortly after surgery as quoted by Haaf Wendy in medical application ,heart surgery report. In spite of the above benefits computer aide surgery has its risks that are involved during the whole process. It also has a potentially invaluable use during microsurgery involving high risk patients patients with HIV, to protect the surgeon from virus transmission (s.saraf 2006)


Risks Involved In
 Computer Aided Surgery
In the article journal of plastic by saraf 39(1), 57-61 New and developing technologies in

the medical or surgical field and furthermore experimental devices might raise new and

unforeseen risks for the patient or even the surgical team involved in the exercise. Ethical

committee of the medic institution have to analyze ethical issues involved for each and

every new developed device or technology and in this manner a lot of time is really

wasted waiting for their decision. High cost of initial development of such technologies

that can be covered mostly by major hospital may raise questions about providing equal

access to medical care for the patients. Most major hospitals have acquired CAT scanners even though the price is around  I million (medicines and computer pg184). Another risks involved this is that when patients

are exposed to the x-ray  the ultra violet rays kills the white blood cells thus destabilizing

 the body and later it can lead to death.

Techniques of robotic
 Surgery

 In the book social impacts of computers medicine and computers, robotic surgery pg188     Performed high quality, tremor free, precise microsurgery without any technological problem and intra operative complications. The robotic systems interacting the patient includes usually three robotic arms to manipulate surgical instrument and a third to position the endoscopic camera at the optimal position. A robotically assisted telescopic camera, controlled by voice commands, gives the surgeon a video picture 10 to 15 times normal magnification camera positions can be saved for rapid return haaf Wendy 2000 July article  heart surgery with a robotic hand

The surgeon controls the position of the robot arms and in turn surgical instruments via the handles at the console and third endoscopic camera arm by a voice command providing the surgeon precise and stable view of the actual surgical field.
The microsurgery technique requires many yeas of training to be proficient the instrument involved virtually became specialized extensions of the surgeons hand .as the outcome in  microsurgery procedure is often dependent on technical quality the enhanced precision provide by robotic systems is likely to have profound effect on the outcome.
As per Bale Melzers in the radiological  society of Europe newsletter (2006)Robotic surgery can be divide  into three depending on the degree of surgeons interaction during the procedure supervisory controlled , telesurgery and shared  controlled surgery. In supervisory controlled systems the procedure is executed solely by the robot which performs the pre-programmed actions .while in a telesurgical system which is also known as remote surgery requires the surgeon to manipulate the robotic arms during the procedure rather than allowing the robotic arms to work from a pre determined program. With shared system the surgeon carries out the procedure with the use of robots that offers steady hand-manipulation of the instrument .in most the working mode can be chosen for each separate intervention depending on surgical complexity and the particularity of the case. The 3-D graphic display gave me an amazing view of the operative field and the hands controls provided precise control over the instruments. In fact I was able to suture with more precision than with conventional surgery (Dr.Galen page 188).

Diagnostic, Pre-operative Planning,
Surgical Simulation
Using specialized software such as osinix the gathered dataset can be rendered as a virtual three dimensional model and can be easily manipulated by the surgeon to provide views from any angle and any depth within the volume thus the surgeon can better asses the case and establish a more accurate diagnostic. The surgical intervention will be planned and stimulated virtually before actual surgery takes place. Using a dedicated softwarethe surgical robot will be programmed to carry out the pre-planned actions during actual surgical intervention.

Lasers technology in
Surgery
Laser and optical technologies have also helped a lot in surgery the most involvement in

removal or targeting of unwanted particle from the tissues by effecting chemical,

mechanical or thermal changes .the technology also can help to reduce excessive fats

from the body and in treating vascular lesions such as port-wine stains among other many

Complications the laser and optical technologies are heading to safer ways day by

day. This is according to Wu, E,  Wong B article 2008 laser and optical technologies in

facial plastic surgery, 10(6)38. Isotope emission of radioactive particles are used to produce nuclear-medicine images which results from the different concentration of radioactive tagged molecule in various tissues( computer applications in health care and biomedicine pg 486)


Surgical robotic technology has really played a great role in peoples lives day by day and any efforts to support it strongly will be highly appreciated so as to help doctors in developing this section which handles delicate parts of the human body.eventhough it continues to entirely depend on programmers to design software as per PJ Connolly. (2000 November) robotic surgery techniques equal safety article InfoWorld, 22(47), 74.