Technology

Project management involves the concept of incorporating proper measures in planning and managing change in business entities or organization. A project does not necessarily relate to business but domestic matters can measure up to projects. A project can either be large or small and the scope of management applied to any size of project is similar. Project management principles selectively and appropriately applied in large projects also apply to smaller projects. In response to requirements of whether small projects can be run the same way as large projects, it is important to understand the issues related to management techniques. The most important aspect in project management is application of techniques relating to proper plans and management tactics (Reiss Geoff, 1995). The size of a project does not mean change of management techniques as the plans are all similar. A small project such as purchase of electronics in an organization requires putting down plans that describe the purpose, budgets, decision making process and break points. These plans are usually availed in the case of managing large projects and ensure that proper decisions are made. The reason for managing small project in the same manner as large projects is the concept of maximum utilization of resources including labor force. Project management tools applied in all sizes of project whether small or large are similar as they measure up to the required standards of projects. Major project management tools include brainstorming, flow diagrams and gannt charts used to provide management models that lead to success of a given project (Stuckenbruck Linn, 1981) Communication of project plan is a common element required for management of small projects as is applied in large projects.

Customers are very important in business and the major area of concern is whether customers should be treated as customers or partners. A major concept about understanding the issue of dealing with customers and partners is to explain the meaning of the two terms. A customer also known as a client is the current potential buyer of goods or services of an organization, business entity, or individual (Schmitt Bernd, 2003). The services or goods purchased by customers are provided by sellers, suppliers or vendors. A partner on the other hand, in the category of business relates to a person with similar business ideas and forms partnership. My opinion in relation to this issue is that customers should be treated as customers. Customers are always customers and they form the reason for existence of business. Without customers a business, organization or cooperate may not grow. The services provided by business entities, organizations or cooperates are basically made for customers. There is a difference between a customer and partner because the latter means he or she is part and parcel of the daily activities of the organization or business entities (Duarte Deborah, 2003). A partner is entitled to sharing of profits or losses in the case of partnership but a customer is linked to a business or organization by means of commercial transactions. Customers should be treated as customers through various observations. The person dealing with customers should be courteous, nice, truthful and appreciative. These are the common principles that make management in organizations and business entities to consider treating customers as customers. Treating customers as customers is the role of employees and management in organizations or business entities. The objective of management organization is to certify customers and remain loyal for better performance.

Video Streaming Within a Wireless Environment
Introduction
There are a number of new developments in the wireless multimedia communication industry. One such development is the usage of video streaming within a wireless environment. The core aim of this new invention is to enhance speed, efficiency, and effectiveness in the telecommunication industry through the use of the various Internet technologies that are in existence. Video streaming entails the capability of a video being downloaded to a computerized machine while at the same time being played yet not interfering with the quality of the video. This paper analyses, from a technological point of view, various issues related to video streaming and wireless technology as a form of multimedia communication (Cherriman, Keller, and Hanzo 1997). The new wireless multimedia communication systems are based on the hierarchical modulation, which gives unequal transmission reliability that corresponds to the sensitivity and elimination of transmission errors.

Overview of Video Streaming
Video streaming refers to the real time transmission of various stored videos either through wired or wireless technologies. This technology has very stringent bandwidth, loss requirement, and the need for certain delays to be dealt with. This implies that in video streaming, new protocols, router scheduling, and adaptation of output rate of the concerned video to the available bandwidth is enhanced (Phylip and Schaar 2004, pp. 25-67). Whenever streaming video, which is also called, streaming media, is used, a web user does not always have to complete file download in order to download it. Rather than wait for the completion of file download, the media is normally sent in continuous stream of the data and it is played immediately it is played. A player, a special program that is used to uncompress the sent video before the recipient can view and even listen to it, is normally used in by the recipient of the streamed video as indicated in figure two below (Fig. 2). The player used to play the streamed media could either be downloadable software from the software makers website or an integral section of the browser being used.

Major technologies used in the streaming media and the streaming video include the Real-System G2 which is from the Real-Network, VDO, and Windows Media players from the Microsoft corporation. The standard compression that is mainly used in streaming video compression algorithm technology includes MPEG and other codec programs. In most instances, Streaming video is normally sent from a prerecorded video files, though it can also be distributed as a section of a live broadcasting feed (Various Streaming Media journal 2010). A live broadcast, in most instances, is normally converted into a digital signal that is compresses and then transmitted from specialized web server that has the capability to transmit the same file to various users simultaneously.

Wireless Communication
Wireless communication does not necessary entail the total use of a non wired communication system but rather may combine both wired systems and the wireless capabilities in the transmission and receivership of the transmitted information. With regards to wireless streaming, wireless networks, WLANs, offer several challenges with regard to multimedia streaming. Dynamic variations in channel conditions due to noise, interference, and path loss effects impact data throughput and packet loss. There is also the need for dynamic alteration in the number of users in a given network with their varying data rate requirements resulting in a varying degree of contention and collision in the network impact the amount of bandwidth per user or per flow. Real-time adaptation at the media access control layer is required to adapt to the varying conditions (Yong and James 2005). The choice of a given multimedia transport layer such as the transport control protocol or the user datagram protocol is also of great concern in video streaming employed in a wireless communication environment. Multimedia applications have the ability to scale and adapt to varying wireless network conditions, which must also be considered and exploited (Sakamoto, et al. 1998, pp. 290-595). Currently, more than one hundred million videos can be watched over the Internet, thanks to the concept of wireless video streaming, a development in the wireless multimedia communication technology. International recognition is required in ensuring efficiency, compatibility and authenticity, and reliable communication in a wireless communication environment.

Multimedia and Video Streaming
Latest development in the multimedia communication has led to the need to combine a number of content forms in order to ensure faster and efficient delivery of data and information. Video streaming in a wireless environment entails utilization of relevant protocols. Through the use of the wireless streaming of videos, it has been made possible to play a section of a video while its section which may be located in a very far distance is being transferred. According to Dapeng, et al. (2001, pp. 11-32), Videos with sound, interactivity, text, still and moving images, video footages, and animated pictures are some of the common content forms that can be combined in a multimedia being transferred in a streamed multimedia format. There are a number of areas in which the latest development in the multimedia communication through the invention, development, and usage of video streaming in a wireless environment have been utilized. According to Phylip and Schaar (2004, pp. 120-241), the core areas of usage of this specific multimedia technology include real time commercial advertisements aimed at grabbing and keeping attention in the product being advertised fine arts and entertainment that entails usage of very unique and special effects in animations and fine art education industry in which video streaming has of late been used for real time computer based training and in distance learning educational system engineering in which collaborative training is undertaken by ensuring the software engineers fully collaborate with other professions in solving problems in real time and medicine where operations are demonstrated by one doctor on one end while others view the video being streamed in real-time and then performing the surgery and other form of treatment (Fig. 2). In most instances, the recipient of the video being streamed uses a program such as real player and media player to watch the video while the sender of the video uses a server through which he actually produces the streaming video.

Video Streaming Within a Wireless Environment
Interactive multimedia on wireless networks requires high bandwidth due to the data rates and payload size. One frequently cited wireless scenario has users conducting real-time, multimedia videoconferencing sessions over a wide-area wireless Internet connection. The wireless client is highly mobile within an enterprise campus or dense city limits and shares very media rich presentation with multiple parties that are dispersed in different connectivity scenarios (Cherriman, Keller, and Hanzo 1997). The user experiences a high degree of QoS supporting the multimedia session and presentation delivery, regardless of ones movement or the locality. In order for this scenario to occur, multiple effects including time varying channel conditions, local or remote congestion conditions, and the end-to-end QoS requirements is matched with an adaptive application capable of offsetting the limitations of the network. This, in video streaming in a wireless environment, is done by managing latency, reliability, and the throughput degradations while at the same time hiding the user from the underlying mobility and complexity issues and the degraded QoS in a wireless environment.

In order to ensure efficiency of operation of the streaming media, WLAN technologies that include 802.11 and Wi-Fi are used in order to ensure proper working within a range of the order of one hundred meters. The MIMO based wireless LAN technologies uses various antennas with the core aim of increasing the throughput which comprises of additional capability to trade off the increased range. This helps to enhance increased throughput. Technologies such as the reliable output of multiple input multiple can also be applied to other wireless technologies related to video streaming (Yong and James 2005).

Although the WLAN protocols, which are also commonly referred to us 802.11abgn protocols, are expected to be the predominant technology for the wireless access in an enterprise, there is reconfiguration in the modern systems hence the achievement goal of ensuring that the systems are fully compatible with  the video technology. WiMax facilitate the use of video streaming concepts in a wireless environment since it has a range in the order of several kilometers, Bluetooth, and ultra wideband technologies that are used for short distances with the UWB technology enabling high data rate wireless transmissions over short distances. Cellular technologies are also organized and fully optimized for video traffic, and are aimed at supporting very long range that are targeted at lowering data throughput compared to the Wi-Fi based technologies. For instance, the network management and administration techniques used in cellular networks may be applicable in the WiMax and techniques used in wired networks such as local area network (Sakamoto, et al. 1998, pp. 290-595).

On the other hand, seamless transfer of multimedia sessions or VoIP protocol calls between such networks, though being challenging tasks to achieve, have positively contributed to ensuring that video streaming is fully achieved and becomes very practical in most wireless environment.
WLANs offer several challenges with reference to the video streaming in a wireless environment. Dynamic variation in channel conditions due to noise, interference, and path loss effects impact data throughput and packet loss. Additionally, dynamic changes in the number of users in the network with their varying data rate requirements resulting in a varying degree of contention and collision in the network impact the desired amount of bandwidth depending on the user or based on the flow. To attain real-time adaptation at the MAC layer which is needed in the streaming media within a wireless environment, varying conditions ought to be adapted. The choice of the transport layer, as the best available alternative for use as the transport control protocol, is of great concern. Multimedia applications used in this specific newly developed have the ability to scale down and even adapt to varying wireless network conditions, which should be considered and exploited.

Multiple transmitting antennas can help increase the data rates in the same channel. Multiple receiving antennas help in enhancing efficient recovery of the transmitted data. Multiple antennas also facilitate the increase of the range and reliability of data transmitted in a channel without an increase in data rates. Multiple antennas are used to increase the data rates using a number of antennas. This is attained by transmitting data to a number of channels in a simultaneous manner. Using two transmit a throughput of 108 Mbps in a 20 MHz channel is realized. Using a wider 40 MHz channel, and not the commonly known 20 MHz channel, help t o increase the throughput to 216 Mbps. Dapeng, et al. (2001, pp. 211-275) argues that the usage of about four transmit-antennas helps to increase even further to four hundred and thirty two megabits per second. Additional multiplexing sub-channels for the multiplexing division and the use of much newer coding schemes, such as the very low density parity check which help to increase the actual throughput to more than five hundred megabits per second in the future of wireless local area network video streaming technologies. This improvement has been pursued in the overall physical layer capacity using the 802.11n standard.

Even though wireless communication generally faces a number of challenges, video streaming in a wireless environment ensures that more attention is accorded to the likely challenges due to the high cost of failure that may be involved in instanced where by poor planning and organization has been witnessed. Cherriman, Keller, and Hanzo (1997) believe that the weak signals, crowded airwaves, and multipath fading tend to derail the efficiency and effectiveness efforts done. However, unique compression techniques have led to various challenges being sufficiently addressed. In the modern world, in order to fit a given streaming video application to an available wireless bandwidth, H263 and MPEG-4 are used to efficiently compress the video and ensure that its quality is kept intact throughout the uploading, transmission, and downloading process. The compression helps in the delivery of the video bit streams. The quality of the video in the development of this communication technology does not compromise on the quality of the video and its other properties at the expense of the bandwidth as has previously been the case.

Protocols in the Two Relevant Layers
The MAC Layer
Real time streaming protocols are used in an attempt to ensure high and better quality of the video being delivered. Unicast protocols are normally employed in ensuring efficient delivery of the video from the server station to the recipient. To reduce data replication, multicast protocols are employed. Video streaming uses the application layer QoS and it greatly affects the users perceived presentation quality. Video streaming could use the standard web servers that are commonly used to deliver video contents hence the need to guarantee the delivery protocols such as the transport control protocol and the HTTP though this is not always optimal for the continuous media as illustrated in figure 1.

During the communication process using the wireless streaming video technology, the throughput located at the top of the media access control (MAC) is normally affected by various properties and issues. To begin with, the physical layer physical layer throughput depends on the PER that is located at the physical layer while the transmission time for each packet is a function of both the coding scheme and the modulation involved (Phylip and Schaar 2004, pp. 45-323). On the other hand, the overheads for the protocol timing such as the acknowledgement time and the interface spacing are put into consideration. The time that is spent in the random back-off counter and the actual duration for which the medium is kept busy without interfering with the transmission of other medium is considered together with the unused time that remains idle in the entire network. Retransmissions are attempted at the MAC layer in the absence of an acknowledgement. Packets may be in error if the acknowledgement is not received from the destination within a specified duration after transmission. Either the packet may be in error when it reaches the destination or the return acknowledgement might itself be in error. In both cases, a packet is retransmitted by the MAC, as long as the retry-limit is not reached. During retransmissions, link adaptation may be performed to attempt sending a packet in a more robust modulation and coding scheme.

Real Time Streaming Protocol
Real-time video streaming has emerged a very central and crucial service in various telecommunication industries. The usage of the wireless systems to facilitate better video streaming is therefore a very central factor in ensuring efficiency, effectiveness, and reliability in the communication process in multimedia. The real-time video streaming protocol enables efficiency and effectiveness in the communication process while at the same time ensuring minimal or no interruption occurs in the communication process. Streaming video servers use this protocol in delivering the media being transferred (Cherriman, Keller, and Hanzo 1997). The RTSP normally enable proper control of various multimedia video streams that needs to be delivered. However, the actual task of transmitting the streaming video does not solely lie on the RTSP protocol but rather entails coordination and integration of other wireless protocols that is aimed at enhancing speed and accuracy in the video transfer process.

Systems Architecture for Wireless Multimedia Scalability
To support an end-to-end and a node-level systems orientation to scale and adaptation of wireless multimedia, the end-to-end wireless multimedia scalability principle in network control ought to be covered. In accordance to the journal on the Various Streaming Media (2010), the ability of applications to adapt to positive or negative changes in wireless conditions, by either leveraging in-network services or binding alternative node-level, inter-layer optimizations, gives video streaming applications much flexibility in managing real-time and media adaptation within most wireless environments. Tighter automation of application control, layer integration, and bandwidth management is reinforced in order to ensure that effectiveness in the way of operation of streaming media. However, the applications adaptation flexibility in video streaming within a wireless environment depends on its ability to detect or even respond on a faster time-scale.

In small scales, broadcasting and at times multicasting system-level of information in a smaller-scale are used with very tightly coupled networks and even direct exchange of information between the nodes with information propagation. Such system-wide proactive adaptation and management of resources real-time ensure that the system is made much aware and resilient to dynamically varying constraints. Consequently, this ensures that the impact of worsening conditions is minimized and that the best option is undertaken. Additionally, video streaming in a wireless environment uses a direct peer-to-peer transmission model after the establishment of proper contact between the peers. In some instances where a more direct peer-to-peer wireless link that is more reliable and efficient is required, communication between the peers is always established (Cherriman, Keller, and Hanzo 1997). Furthermore, multiple hops are at times utilized over relatively short distances in order to reduce the existing packet errors because of the necessitated path loss over large distances within a wireless links.

In wireless video streaming multimedia communication technology, hops over the same frequency channel normally cause contention. The contention ultimately reduces the size of the available bandwidth. In multi-hop networks, that also support video streaming in a wireless environment both exposed nodes and the hidden ones are great issues of concern. For efficiency and effectiveness in the video streaming undertaken in a wireless environment, network configuration between two endpoints could vary dynamically. The variations are dependent on the varying network conditions, mobility, or other constraints in the system. QoS policy or state information exchange through intermediate nodes is vital in meeting the end-to-end requirements. In large wireless ad-hoc networks, routing tables with link information grow significantly in size. This information includes link quality information as perceived at the MAC physical layer of a communication wireless network node. To achieve scalability in this lately developed multimedia technology, nodes only store the local information about nearby links. The information stored in a distributed fashion is then propagated through nodes on request, in order to adequately understand the end-to-end performance within a communication path that lies between two endpoints in a given. The response time of adaptation mechanisms at the nodes based on these dynamically varying conditions normally determine how proactive and effective the adaptation mechanisms used are. This generally helps in ensuring that any variation in the quality of the received multimedia transmissions is imperceptible to the desired user.

Streaming Of Video over a Wireless LAN Multicast and Unicast
The latest development in the wireless multimedia communication has led to the increasing use of video streaming technologies within a wireless network. A local area network facilitate the use of video streaming, which is indeed a multimedia communication, in a LAN in order to facilitate faster and more reliable communication. This technological advancement may be used both in a single user case and as a multiple user case. In the single user case, various algorithms for the streaming video bit-stream get to be involved over a wireless LAN. Using the MDFEC trans-coding mechanism, prioritized multi-resolution bit-stream is converted to a non prioritized multiple description bit-stream. This method however demands a progressive video input for efficient and reliable communication of the video streaming technology. In the multiple user case, problem related to the multicasting of the video bit-stream over a wireless local area network is addressed. Different data packets that encompass the video being transferred over the wireless network are transferred to various users based on their request and their respective location. In instances where there is significant loss of packets, every user needs very significant replacement (Phylip and Schaar 2004, 56-218). Progressive video coding is used in order to ensure that in a wireless network, each users needs are fully addressed. For the Unicast scenarios that are normally modeled in this multimedia communication technology, the novel repeat request for the hybrid system is used to combine, in an efficient manner, the ARQ protocol with the forward error control (A Video Streaming and Hosting Services website). This clearly explains why the wireless LAN facilitates the operation of high bit rates in order to allow the transmission of much better quality video data.

Technical Problems of Wireless Video Streaming and the Possible Solutions
A number of technical problems that do not exist in wire-based systems are related to the concept of latest development in multimedia communication in which video streaming is undertaken in a wireless environment. One such problem relates to the fact that during the bad weather conditions, the receiver that may be high could lead to a loss rate. Additionally, the sender may be tempted to inaccurately assume that the network to be congested hence a decrease in the output rate. Ultimately, the quality of the video would be compromised. The major problems associated with streaming videos could effectively be associated with the inability of the receiver to fully distinguish between wireless packet losses and congestion. The other problem is that in most instances, the sender tends to associate and even estimate the state of the network that uses loss rate as a unique feedback parameter.

There are two alternative solutions to the problem associated with video streaming. One such solution to the problems is to ensure that only congestion related problems are reported. Additionally, only correlation of losses and delays should be reported. This can be achieved ensuring that the receiver only enables reporting of the loss rate due to the likely occurrence of congestion. In the need for reporting the correlation of the losses and delays in the media communication, the sender ought to ensure that they report the correlation between the delay and the packet loss curve.

Conclusion
Wireless network-based video transfer in the multimedia communication industry ensures much easier access through the use of streaming media. It has indeed been proved that streaming media causes drastic changes in the manner in which entertainment through multimedia communication, education, and other forms of mass media are undertaken. Streaming media, for instance, has been used in educational institutions to enhance knowledge sharing and increase cross-company cooperation. The fact that various media companies and individual are opening archives and offering access to monies and documentaries though wireless web capabilities explains the extent to which wireless multimedia communication has been transformed. Mobile phones and various careers are used in launching live television services for mobile phones in an attempt to fully exploit advantages related to video streaming in a wireless environment. This development in multimedia communication provides an easy access-on-demand of rich media anywhere through any device.

Internet Filter Issues
1.0 Introduction
In the modern world, the way of communication has changed as compared to the old methods. In the ancient days, the main mode of communication was letter writing and fixed landline telephones, however this changed with the introduction of the internet.

The internet as a tool of communication has fastened the way business is conducted as well as improved social interaction of the people. There is however some limitation to the internet as a mode of communication. There are some websites that show pornographic and other demonic materials which might have some negative effects on some members of the community, especially children and other young people. As a result there is need to regulate and control such sites especially in places where most people who access the internet as young people. This is referred to as Internet Filtering.

There have been different internet filtering approached that have been adapted to regulate the internet content however most of them have failed. For many years internet filtering has been believed to be the solution to the regulation of the content viewed by the internet users, however this has not been successful. The purpose of this paper therefore is to try and provide new solutions that can be applied to control the content that can be accessed by the public.

In conclusion, the paper will give a brief overview of the key points that would have been discussed in the papers are what the future holds for the millions of youths who are mostly targeted by this obscene websites.

2.0 Negative Effects of Unfiltered Internet Contents
The topic of pornography is hardly ever discussed in a positive light, despite the fact that most people (both young and old) have been affected by pornographic materials that is easily accessible on the internet. According to (Lauer  Lauer, 2008) there are people who defend it however these pornographic defenders have no solid point to put forward apart enjoying their freedom of expression. There are many negative effects of pornography, some of which are violent tendencies, strained marriages, and troubled childhoods.

Pornography and Violence It has been observed that most people who watch pornography especially men tend to be violent and rough. According to Rogers (1990), most men who are exposed to pornographic develop some weird behaviors like sadomasochism and some end up being rapists because most of the times they struggle to fulfill their fantasies and sexual desires.
Pornography and Family Life As discussed above, too much exposure to pornographic material makes someone be violent and rough. For married people, over exposure to porn makes them be violent against their wives as well as children, this can lead to divorce or strained marriages. To the kids also, some may have access to the parents (fathers) pornographic content as a result it will affect them for years to come (Gao, 2010).

Feldman (2010) has given the importance of regulating the internet content being accessed by the public and especially the underage groups. Some of the advantages of internet filtering it that it helps in the national security (instructions on bomb-making, illegal drug production, terrorist activities), it guarantees the safety of minors (abusive forms of marketing, violence, pornography), protection of human dignity (incitement to racial hatred or racial discrimination), it helps in providing economic security (fraud, instructions on pirating credit cards) as well as information security (malicious hacking). In addition to that, internet regulations help in protection of privacy, reputation and intellectual property. These are some efforts that have made the government regulate this area that greatly contributes to the economic growth and development of many nations.

3.0 Solutions to the Problem
Filtering the internet as applied by most organizations has its pros and cons, ContentWatch (2010), states that the use of the filtering software provides comprehensive filtering and blocking of the sites it can also block or filter social media sites such as Facebook or MySpace. In addition to that the software is affordable for multiple computers. The program can be programmed to regulate time spent on individual websites or playing PC games. On the contrary the software can block harmless news sites or forums which require parental override to access. This however is not the ultimate solution to this problem.

3.1 Governments Role in Regulating the Internet Content
Music and entertainment is a power and influential tool that can be accessed by millions of people, some music have been classified as not suitable for certain age category. Dom (2010) sites a case in which parents took their children for concert only for them to realize that it was meant to be an adults only concert yet it has been advertised as an open concert. As a result they urged the government to classify and regulate concerts that are being performed.

The government of the day can take advantage of such a scenario to regulate the content in terms music concerts that the children can attend. This will ensure that as parents struggle to deal with internet filter content, the government helps in controlling the music and entertainment content. The social networks have been blamed to be cause of most obscene contents, however blocking them is not the ultimate solution, the government and other stakeholder can sign an agreement with the management of the accused sites to regulate the content that they will be releasing for public viewing, this will help to monitor the content viewed by underage kids. For example (acma, 2010) states like Australia is one of the countries in Europe that has attracted the most attention regarding its filtering practices. The Australian government passed legislation in 2000 requiring Australian ISPs to delete content that was found to be disturbing or harmful to people under the age of 18 years from their servers. In addition, the government suggested that private companies add certain content to their filters, though Australian citizens are not required to use any blocking software.

3.2 National Policy
Many nations have come up with national polices that aimed at controlling the internet operators on the content they release to the public however this hasnt been easy.  According to Rao (1999), Issues relating to the Internet economy (E  commerce) automatically involve inputs from the departments of trade  commerce, broadcast and print media, the telecommunications and electronics industries, education departments, national security and policing, consumer groups, and the private sector. Therefore Incorporating and addressing all their concerns within a comprehensive economic framework is a challenge for many societies, particularly when faced with pressures of investing in more basic citizen and social services.

According to Cheng (2010), most firms are weary of the effects the social networks have on their employees and their families however they can not regulate this all the time. The web content designers should also help in the regulating the content viewed by the public for websites that deal with X-rated contents, they should ensure that only authorized persons are allowed to access them. They can do this by creating a log in box that requires that the user provides his  her social security number  passport number to indicate the age of the person. This will be another way of filtering the content but in relation to human filtering.

3.3 Fines and Jail Sentence
Another method that has been applied by most European nations to control the internet content by hefty fines imposed to persons who are found accessing prohibited sites. The fines are also imposed on companies that knowing breach the rules that were implemented by the communication commission of the respective nations, for instance in china breaching these regulations attracts a fine of more that 2,000 or a jail term of up to three years (Rao 1999). This has made most companies regulate the internet content and as such there is no need for the use of internet filtering programs.

4.0 Summation
If not regulated  filtered the internet can destroy the lives of millions and millions of innocent people. the various strategies that have been adapted by various governments in internet filtering is a sure sign of how committed they are in ensuring that the content that is accessed by its young generation is not obscene and harmful to their well being.

The paper has extensively looked at how some obscene internet sites (pornographic) can have a negative effect on both an individual as well as the society. In addition to that, the paper has discussed how various nations have adapted to the internet filtering as a way of curbing bad content from being accessed by its population this has had some positive effect especially in school.

With the rapid growth and development of the internet communication technology sector, the governments and the private sector should be at per with the changing technology to ensure that they are able to deal with even the most complicated scenarios. This way the society will be a better place and the role of ICT will be greatly appreciated.

JSP i.e. Java Server Pages is basically a programming technology which is server-side and it enables the development of completely dynamic applications and web pages. This is done with the help of Java code being embedded in the HTML, DHTML and XML. The page which is static at first is converted and viewed as dynamic if the client (web browser) sends a request to web server (Wise geek, 2010).

On the other hand CGI i.e. Common Gateway Interface is basically a standard that specifies the way in which the generation of web pages is delegated to console application by the web server software. Scripting languages are used commonly but all the programming languages can be used for these CGI scripts. The requests from the clients are identified by these scripts which are then used to make the application function and provide the client with results. So CGI basically provides an interface between the clients and the web server.

In JSP when the Servlet is requested for the first time by the client it is transferred to the memory and cached. This then helps to retrieve the same Servlet instance when there are various requests from different threads. While in CGI every time a new request is sent a new process is spawned. In JSP Servlet classes are developed by the developer which are compiled and placed in where the server can find them. These Java Servlets basically work in the Servlet engine. Whereas in CGI creating of a new process requires an overhead and so the process is external to the web server. In JSP there is very easy transfer of the Servlet classes from one web server to another. On the other hand in CGI they have to be recompiled as they are basically they are dependent on the platform (Naomi, 2001).

Compare and Contrast JSP with ASP
ASP i.e. Active Server Pages is basically a technology that helps to enable the development of interactive and dynamic web pages. In ASP the kind of browser the user is using does not matter as server side scripting is used to produce web pages dynamically. A number of scripting languages can be used but the most commonly used language is VBScript. In ASP the Java script is used as the client side and the VBScript as the server side language.

The main similarity between JSP and ASP is that both of them support the creation of web pages that are dynamic. For this they use scripting codes, HTML templates and basic business logic components. Both of these use the similar object oriented programming scripting. Web server information and functionality is provided access to JSP and ASP by server side scripting. Although JSP is associated with ASP but it must be clear that these are both different technologies. The major difference between the two is that JSP which is developed by the Sun Microsystems is considered an object oriented language while ASP which is developed by Microsoft is considered as a framework because of the fact that it can support a wide number of programming languages from Microsoft.
In JSP extensions can be done with custom tab libraries while in ASP extensions are not possible as custom tab libraries cannot be used. In JSP database access is provided by using JDBC where as in ASP data access is given by used active data objects. In JSP scripting is done with the help of Java programming language. On the other hand in ASP scripting is done by use of VBScript and Jscript. JSP can easily run on all java enabled platforms and is platform independent. While ASP has a complete support in Windows and running it on other platforms is burdensome task as it relies on Win32 based component model (Day site, 2010).

Introduction
Integrating school district technology as a part of the teacher communication experience, with the shared educators and the rest of the academic community is an effective way of using technology within a region.

This paper will highlight how such technology will be implemented at the Gavilan View Middle School. It will first give an overview of how email registration and usage by the faculty will be ensured followed by a guideline for faculty as to how they can register.

Technology Plan
Under this plan, all teachers of Gavilan View Middle School are required to have a personal school email ID. That all teachers have a school email ID and use it will need to be ensured. Basically, each teacher will be given an email ID by the district office based on the information they provide to the admin.

Each teacher has a unique teacher identification number or TID number. When registering or when required to enter information, teachers will be required to type this in as a mandatory requirement in the user registration form. The registration form will ask for a TID number, name and surname. On the back end, the teacher identification number or the TID that a teacher entered will be matched with the actual TID in the Teacher Table of the school database. If the match is successful (if the entered TID is the same as the actual TID), and other requirements are met, the teacher will be allowed an email ID.

In simpler words, there will be a web page where teachers can sign in to their email. On the same page, there will be a sign up option for those teachers who havent registered yet. This sign up option will take the teachers to the user registration form that will be linked to the school database, like in hotmail, or any other email system. In this registration form, teachers will be required to enter their TID number, along with other information, name and surname. Whatever information they give will be entered in the database. Based on this information, the district office will provide them with an email id and password.

Entering of the teacher identification number will allow the system to see which teachers have registered and which ones havent. For example, teachers who have signed up have been marked in the database as teachers who have an email id. Those who have not can be sent automatically generated notifications by the system as a reminder to register for an email ID. This same method will also be used to ensure usage of the email, in addition to registration. For our purpose, usage of the email ID is the same as registering for an email ID because why then a teacher would register for an email ID if she does not wish to use it.

The way teachers can register for the school email ID is simple. The instructional guide is as follows
1. Visit  HYPERLINK httpwww.gavilanview.org httpwww.gavilanview.org
2. Click on Staff Information
3. Click on Remote Email
4. Find and type in username. Each username is the first letter of a teachers name followed by the surname.
5. Find and typee in password.

The username, together with password, will be provided by the district office. This cannot be changed or altered. If teachers cannot seem to locate them, or have a problem of another kind, they can call up the district office and ask for Mr. Mark Young for further assistance.

Moreover, the interface is illustrated in Figure 1.
Please enter your username and passwordfor the Sendmail Mobile Message Server. Username Password

Introduction
Today, organizations use computers for complex yet routine business tasks (Schragenheim  Ptak, 2004). Examples of such systems are ERP, APS and Shop Floor Data Collection. All these software have separate modules to assist companies with specific business functions. However, they can be integrated together to provide even greater benefits in the form of efficiency, accuracy and performance enhancement.

Moreover, if a methodology to reduce lead times such as QRM is applied in an organization, these software can play a major role to complement it.

This paper will discuss the three mentioned technologies separately and identify their respective modules. Following this, the paper would analyze how they can be integrated together to gain maximum benefit. Moreover, this paper will highlight what Quick Response Manufacturing is, how it can be implemented and how it can be integrated with the three technologies. The potential benefits and roadblocks are also mentioned.

Enterprise Resource Planning Software  JD Edwards World A9.1
Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP is a software solution for organizations that allow them to integrate all the departments of the company so as to make information exchange and communication easy. It is different than software that were used earlier such as MRP in that it had relational databases, fourth generation languages, integrated computer aided engineering tools and open-system portability to integrate systems such as Advanced Planning and Schedule (APS) (Schragenheim  Ptak, 2004) software (as will be discussed in a later section). Organizations who adopt such solutions early on gain operational wnhancement, a competitive edge and new upgrade tools allows a lower overall cost.One such ERP system is by Oracle, introduced in 2007 as Oracles JD Edwards World A9.1. This system provides over 1250 upgrades to gain operational excellence, enhance customers upgrade activities and minimize the cost and complexity that goes into integrations (TechNews, 2007).

Any ERP system has a number of modules that can be combined together considering the needs of the particular organization where it is being implemented. One module could be used for one functionality whereas another for a different functionality. These are then combined together to give an integrated package and hence, benefit. Some of these modules include (Glenn, 2008 pp. 74)
Production Planning  Includes planning productions, capacity, forecasting and the availability of materials

Inventory Control  Provides functions such as stock maintenance, moving finished goods and raw materials

Sales Module  Facilitates with quotations, order entry, generating invoices, shipping, etc.
Marketing Module  Generates leads, assists with marketing and maintains customer relationships
An example of module integration is that Production Planning can be integrated with Inventory Control. For instance, production planning will be carried out using information about the stock available.

Oracles JD Edwards World A9.1 solution additionally, in exception to existing modules, provides clients with Service and Warranty Management. This facilitates managing, identifying and implementing service and warranty contracts, enabling users to keep record of service contracts, take in returns for repair, carry out back or repair orders and effortlessly calculate the cost of these repairs and send it to the customer (TechNews, 2007). There are some customers who wish to implement a service-oriented architecture (SOA) as an integration approach so that integration can be improved to create an adaptable Information Technology infrastructure. For such customers, Oracles JD Edwards A9.1 provides better extensibility and higher performance. Using this software, customers have a higher control over moving data between the solution itself and the many spreadsheets that an organization uses from sources such as APS or SDFC software.

The functionality mentioned above is especially useful in this scenario where this ERP solution by Oracle is to be integrated with two other software and ultimately with a Quick Response Manufacturing solution.

Advanced Planning and Scheduling Software  Preactor International

Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) software are solutions, as the name suggests, that facilitate planning tasks in all departments and devising production schedules. Such a solution typically comes with a number of software modules such as (Stadtler, 2008 pp. 110)
Strategic Network Design  Assists with plant locations, new markets, etc
Demand Planning  Allows estimations such as long-term demands or mid-term sales planning
Demand Fulfillment  Allows short-term sales planning
Master Planning  Synchronizes planning from all departments such as procurement, manufacturing, logistics on a mid-term planning level
Production Planning  This may contain two different modules where one assists with lot-sizing and the second with manufacturing scheduling and shop floor control.
Transport and Distribution Planning  Assists with short-term logistics planning
Purchasing and Materials Requirements Planning  Helps with short-term procurement planning

All these modules are responsible for non-probabilistic planning. Planning tasks for different organizations may vary and according to their needs, specific modules are provided to them.

These modules may be called different names by different solution providers. Preactor International is the World Leader in Production Planning and Scheduling software used by a wide range of businesses. Case Studies show that the benefits that can be obtained after installation offer a return in investment measured in months, sometimes weeks (Preactor, 2010).

Preactors APS software called 400 APS has the added functionality to handle even more intricate scheduling issues and consider the restrictions that materials impose.  Orders for BoM (Bill of Material) will be created by most ERP systems.  It includes production orders and the bought-in materials.  These can be connected together using dedicated tools for it.  These connections are then used in the scheduling process in such a way that manufacturing orders that are dependent on certain materials are not scheduled till eery material they need acquired by the producing orders. For every material, there are plots available so that the timing of shortages that halt the manufacturing process can be identified (Preactor, 2010).

Preactor 400 APS provides other enhancements also that can be customized in the form of rules. For example, regular dispatching rules include rules that reduce the time to setup, minimize delayed orders, allow a desirable sequence, schedules bottlenecks and helps with campaigns (Preactor, 2010).

Preactor is created in such a way that it cam be easily integrated with other solutions such as ERP and Data Collections, etc.

Shop Floor Data Collection Software  RFgen Wireless Data Collection
A Shop Floor Data Collection software is responsible for collecting data regarding employees and products right off the shops. It requires lesser input than a manual system and helps with real time prioritization, correct job costing, real time status of the job and gathering information regarding payroll hours.

Specific to RFgen, the Relevant RF Data Collection Module makes use of the DataMAXs RFgen program to collect data from both RF and non-RF devices and send to Relevant rapidly and flexibly through wireless communication. Moreover, the accuracy of the data is that of bar-code scanners. This module provides all the necessary support to validate order numbers, status and quantities. It formats records, and gives warning messages such as confirmation or error to the distant device.

The functions provided by this technology include Data Collection of Inventory, Purchase Order Receipts and Back Orders, Radio-frequency Input to maximize speed and flexibility, Bar-code Input for accuracy and Output (TechTarget, 2010) .

This product has some general features of Shop Floor Data Collection. In addition to this wireless Radio Frequency devices are provided by the software. It allows online updating of the databases, background processing, RF collection continuous during down time, validating data during import, provision of error and logic for reversals (TechTarget, 2010).

The RFgens Connectivity Suite allows easy integration with software such as World and Preactor.

Integration of Software

The modules for all the three technologies identified above can and should be integrated to make the most of them. They can be integrated so that they meet their clients requirements and organizational needs in the best possible fashion. All three World, Preactor and RFgen can be integrated to provide customized support for the client in question.
ERP and APS can be integrated so that users have the ability of working simultaneously using both solutions via two separate interfaces and a single database (Perrson  Olhager, 2007 pp. 181). When both these solutions are combined, the architecture in Figure 1 is what the integration of ERP and APS would look like.

Figure  SEQ Figure  ARABIC 1 Integration of ERP planning and transaction modules with APS (Source Perrson  Olhager, 2007 )

This Figure shows that ERP planning and transaction modules can be integrated with the APS for improved planning techniques.  There are two separate interfaces, one for transaction and one for planning. The ERP planning module is linked with the APS planning module.

On the other hand, ERP integrated with the RFegn wireless Data Collection software is illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure  SEQ Figure  ARABIC 2 RFgen integrated with ERP (Source DataMAX, 2009)

RFgen takes advantage of the strong networking procedures and tools of JD Edwards to integrate technologies in such a way that they are most competent, dependable, and cost-effective solutions for JD Edwards data collection. It is built using JDENet and JDEFat Client components, supports all data types, tables and structures. No additional third party middleware or server side code is required to integrate them (DataMAX, 2009).

Data collected regarding inventory from RFgen on the shop floor can be integrated with Worlds Inventory Module to provide that module with real time information on how inventory data is changing on the shop floor. Sales, procurement and other decisions may be made according to this updated information available due to connection of the two software. On the other hand, data collected through RFgen regarding sales order shipments may be used to send information to the Transportation Module of APS to plan logistics of the goods.

Some may think that the functionality provided by Preactor or even RFgenn may overlap with that of an ERP system. This is not the case  the aim of integration is to further enhance performance. Generally ERP systems such as JD Edwards World provide functionality to facilitate the production process for MRP or material planning in the long run. In contrast and integration, Preactor is responsible for organizing production cycles thoroughly by planning the productionfactory work load on a routine basis. As a result, production plans are spawned keeping in mind the limitations so that production efficiency can be maximized whereas re-order lead time can be minimized (Open Data, n.d.).

Moreover, many ERP systems wish to collaborate with a powerful and flexible tool like Preactor instead of developing their own APS solution (Open Data, n.d.). However, this is not the case for a powerful ERP system such as JD Edwards. It has its own Planning module available. However, it can be integrated with Preactor to enhance the planning tasks and other related processes.

APS Integration with products such as Preactor also supports real-time transactions between the APS products and other J.D. Edwards via the extended Process Integration (XPI) architecture (Klee Associates, 2004). This kind of integration is critical for ensuring that APS contains updated and dynamic data elements and that World is updated with planning task messages while they are being accepted and published in APS (Klee Associates, 2004).

One kind of integration is Outbound Integration (Klee Assciates, 2004). This flows from JDE World to the APS such as Preactor capturing data elements such as Sales orders, Purchase orders, Work orders, Inventory balance adjustments, etc.
World sends a notification in real time when one of the ERP processes generates a transaction by, lets say, changing a sales order. When integrated with APS, this ultimately results in the Preactor software receiving this new information.

Another kind of integration is Inbound Integration (Klee Associates, 2004). In this, integration goes from APS to World and flows are managed through the progress of planning messages (Klee Associates, 2004). In general, the adapter at Preactor end send these messages to the XPI Broker, which then sends it forward to the World adapter. These events are then translated into business function calls by the adapter (Klee Associates, 2004).

Quick Response Manufacturing
QRM or Quick response manufacturing is a company-wide approach that attempts to minimize lead times (Suri, 1998). It modifies the basic structure of an organizations manufacturing work in significant procedures to reduce the inefficient use of time. Quick response manufacturing supports a persistent and constant focus on lead-time reduction. It meets and answers customers needs by quicker designs and manufacturing processes and products specialized for those customers and their needs, and minimizing lead-times in every aspect of a company by eliminating waste (Stalk and Hout, 1990 and Suri, 1998). The purpose of QRM is to get the right product to the right place at the right time  and at the right price (Epicor, 2004).

In order to reduce lead time reductions, a number of activities are carried out namely developing product-oriented work cells that contain cross-trained workers responsible for controlling cell activity. Moreover, production must be done in smaller lot sizes of product and smaller batches of information also. A thorough analysis of processes from time-to-time must be carried out to identify any waste in the processe. Also, the time taken to carry out activities must be shortened in all the other departments also except manufacturing. A detailed bill-of-materials (BOMs) must be developed for better material requirements planning. Reduced variability in manufacturing processes also leads to shorter lead times. A combination of push and pull strategies for production must be utilized to the maximum. Most important, the mind-set of the entire company needs to be changed of lead times are to be managed.

Implementation Process of QRM
There are a number of principles according to Suri (1998) that would lead to the successful implementation of QRM. Some of these principles, as taken from his book, are as follows
MRP must be used to plan and organize materials. The manufacturing organization must be rescheduled into less complex product-oriented cells. This should be complemented with a new materials control approach that gives the best combination of push and pull strategies.

Most ERP solutions today come with a Materials Module which plays the same role as an MRP. Therefore, QRM can be easily integrated with ERP, and in this case, with JDE World to take advantages of the planning and coordination of materials that such modules provide. It can also be integrated with an APS software such as Preactor for better planning tasks of materials and procurement.

Also when cells are created for separate teams, communication and integration will be needed between them of some sort. This is where integration with ERP will play a critical role. Shop Floor Data Collection by RfGen will also provide these teams with the accurate and speedy data they require to make decisions.
Suppliers must be motivated to implement the technique. This will ultimately lead to better quality and shorter lead times.

Items must be purchased in larger amounts to motivate suppliers. Placing such critical purchase orders can be achieved through better planning. Modules from an APS software such as Master Planning, Purchasing and Materials Requirements Planning will be useful.

Customers must also be informed and educated about the QRM program. They must be informed that they will receive smaller lot sizes at better prices.

Strategic partnerships need to be developed with partners in the supply chain to put this principle into effect. This will show them how they will get smaller orders at reasonable prices. This could be done through better communication with key partners by using the communication and information exchange tools that JDE World provides.

Functional boundaries must be crossed by creating a response office cell which will be responsible for taking feedback. Therefore, this should be closed-loop, multifunctional and must have a well-trained team in multiple areas. It should also have decision making powers.

In order to allow these office cells greater decision making power, they must be equipped with effective planning tools. This is when Data Collection and APS come in the picture to provide them with relevant data and powerful planning tools.

The reason for implementing QRM must be kept in mind to come to a lean and mean company with a secure future.

A lean and a mean company can be achieved by eliminating waste by using methods such as JIT and the like. These methods can be applied only when forecasting is reliable and demand planning is effective. Therefore, in this respect, QRM could benefit from the APS software that will provide it with the necessary modules.

The biggest challenge in implementation would be reluctance of people to adopt this technique. Therefore, this mind-set must be fought with to create a new one. Companies must be engaged in lead time reductions. This could be done by adopting new technologies such as CADCAM and rapid prototyping.

However, the education and awareness of employees must precede such technologies. Their minds need to be changed about the implementation of something new and efficient. This could be done through training.

Benefits from implementation of QRM together with the existing software are as follows
 Overall lead-times will be reduced
 Speed to market will be higher meaning that newer products will be brought to the market relatively more rapidly
 Those who implement this technique together with effective technologies would have a competitive edge over their competitors
 Rework and scrap on reversals or back orders will be reduced and made easier
 Total costs of ownership of software will be lowered
 It could put the company in a position to price their products using premium pricing since they will be of higher quality with shorter lead times
 As mentioned earlier, quality of the manufactured goods will be improved also.
 All of this would ultimately lead to higher customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Potential roadblocks to implementing QRM with effective technologies would be the increased upfront cost in the form of initial investment. Moreover, reluctance of the company people would be a major obstacle which would need to be fought with smartly. All in all, the benefits that the customers and the organizations experience will be greater than the challenges.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the purpose of integration between software is to provide out of the box (Klee Associates, 2004) support to different business processes that cover the APS, ERP and SFDC systems. Integration configuration may require heavy initial investments but it leads to a lower total cost of ownership for organizations. For the purpose of achieving this goal, JD Edwards has developed a variety of integration components that allow clients to increase their process efficiencies, complementary solutions, speed up implementations and reduce the maintenance and continuous firefighting (Klee Associates, 2004). To get the most out of software investments, it is best to configure these technologies to the best of their utilization.

Computer networking is the connecting of many computers to share data and resources. The first and earliest development of computer networking was the local area network (LAN), which connected computers but in the same room. It also only allows one user at a time to access any resource on the network. By the late 1980s there was need for a network which can support many users, and this is how wide area network was born. Wide area network enabled businesses with far offices to easily communicate as if they were under the same roof, It enhanced the way business was been done globally and todays famous worldwide web is the largest known WAN. (Kurose J.F., 2008)

A computer network allows a group of computers to connect to each other for the purpose of sharing resources hence saving money and time. Clients on a network can send emails to many recipients and print documents without leaving their desks. Local area network- in its earlier development, LAN involved connecting all computers in a single office only. It is a network in one building and allows just one user at a time to access any resource on the network. By the late 1980s, there was high demand for network to support many users and cover a large geographical area. This demand ushered in a more reliable type of network called wide area network. Wide area network supports many users and enabled businesses with offices near and far to communicate as if under one roof and share resources like printers when they are distance apart. WAN is the foundation of how the whole globe does business and even today it is the largest best and known  WAN the world wide web(www) which connect the whole world o one global village.(Kurose J.F. 2008)

Components of a network all networks consists of three primary components servers, workstations and resources.1. Servers-they are the main component of a network and their main purpose is to link resources necessary to perform a task as well as directing client computers to perform their tasks. 2. Workstations- these are computers connected in a network, they perform computer related tasks like word processing and e-mails. 3. Resources-are any component that can be used and shared on a network, for instance printers, files. Applications and disk storage. A server on a network can only handle a particular function hence it can be assigned to store large files that are more frequently used thus freeing up disk space on client computers. (Kurose J.F.2008)