Technology

The internet has given birth to tremendous new social activities and forms of interaction. This is all due its basic advantages of being available widespread and its access and usability. The past two decades have fundamentally altered the way we play, learn and communicate. The evolving internet and wireless technologies have made communication somewhat easier. On the other hand, text communications over the internet and mobile have isolated people. It has given rise to talking through text messages. This is a very different way of communication as compared to face to face communication.

Problem
There is a lot of criticism on how the internet has changed lifestyles and social networking manners. The new ways of communication are built with the theme of closeness in mind. In fact, it serves just the opposite purpose. In face to face communication, the tone of the voice, the face emotions, space, the pitch of the voice, touch, smell, all matter a lot. They have a huge significance on what the speaker is saying. In nonverbal communication, there are many feelings and actions missing (DeVito, 2003).  Imagine someone saying I love you with a stern face and angry voice. Or even with no feeling at all. The message will not get through and may be interpreted in a wrong sense.

Text messaging and internet communication have burst out because of the trend in teenagers and young adults. According to the Pew Research Centers Internet  American Life Project,
Daily text messaging by teens to friends has increased rapidly since early 2008. Some 38 of teens were daily texters in February 2008, and that has risen to 54 of teens who use text daily in September 2009. Of the 75 of teens who own cell phones, 87 use text messaging at least occasionally.(Amanda Lenhart, 2010)

Average numbers of teenagers use around 3000 text messages monthly (Amanda Lenhart, 2010). The way text messages and internet communication are addictive it is harmful to our societies and children. Children make use of slang language and have abbreviated a large percentage of the English language. Some very common examples of abbreviated words are GTG (Got to Go), BRB (BE Right Back), c ya (See you), MSG (Message), etc. there are hundreds and thousands of such combinations of letters that people now use unnoticeably. The drawback here is that once a person gets into the habit of using short forms, it is very hard to break. This often leads to embarrassment. Students nowadays often use these abbreviations in their research papers and exams. So, even if there answer is correct, they end up losing marks. The issue is not only about academics. This is a social problem that interferes with everyone. It may be very inappropriate and annoying if a spouse replies with only short answers like sup or dunno etc. (Oickle)

The technology of messaging and was developed for the purpose of fast and short communications. People have now completely altered this concept.  Chatting, emailing and the social sites were also introduced for the purposes of remaining in touch and close with friends and family. These fads have completely overtaken the intellect of communication.

The lack of emotions and gestures often lead to a very misunderstood communication. It develops misunderstandings and do not present a clear picture of what is been said. According to majority of the language and expression experts, communication is the merger of 90 of non verbal actions and expressions and 10 verbal. Another advantage of having a face to face communication is that the brain captures an image of the conversation and has a better memory of it. When a text message is received, we do not have the many options to decipher what the sender is doing or going through at the moment. The receiver automatically creates a fantasy image of the expected emotions and tone of the message sender. (Carter, 2010)

Solution
I often wonder how text messaging and online communication became so popular. Even though almost everyone learns to read and write proper English in school, teachers discourage it every time and it is not used for formal business tasks, the popularity and negative effects of text messaging and online communication are increasing as quickly as a flash.

My thinking is that with the increase in technology and ease of communication methods, this fad cannot be controlled or limited. There are new and more innovative methods and social websites developed every day. There can however be a way that this dispassionate way of communication be altered in a way that it shows emotions, feelings and even the tone of the speaker. Technology has advanced a lot in the past decade. Engineers are devoting hundreds of hours in designing different protocols aid in communication techniques.

People are now heavily making use of emotions in text messaging and online communication. In the early days, these emotions were combinations of different characters that represented some mood. For example if a person wanted to send a smile, a colon followed by a closing parenthesis like  ) was written. The colon represented the eyes whereas the parenthesis was the smile.  A dash -was inserted in between to represent a nose. However, the moods were limited. Gradually after more improvement, these emotions were given a graphical image. Now many more emotions were introduced in this list for example feeling sick, giving a hug, love, etc. Furthermore, the graphical emotions were animated. But the animated versions are only compatible with limited cell phones and internet applications. This use of emotions in communication can drastically change the way of communication. It is much reader friendly than simple texting. Of course the real feeling of talking face to face cannot be achieved, it is still an improvement.

Another way that effective communication may be carried out by the use of modern technology is the use of voice SMS, video chat and MMS technology. A MMS is a relatively newer version of text messages communication. It is a way to send and receive multimedia content through sms. Pictures, sounds, animations and video clips can be sent by an MMS. It has broken the limitation of 160 characters in an SMS. Another way to convey the message and emotions is to send a text message accompanied by a picture. This option is also an extension of MMS. The MMS technology is considered right now to be the top choice in communication. It has easily surpassed the text messages and SMS technologies (Hensley, 2008). Voice SMS is yet an additional relatively new way to send messages on the mobile phone. These special types of messages transmit recorded messages to one another. So instead of typing a message, the sender records his voice and sends it to the intended recipient(s). There are certain limitations on which type of cellular service and which cell phone model is being used by the sender and receiver. Older mobile phones were not built with the options of MMS and videos. The voice and video chat option is the closest to face to face communication as it involves an image as well as the voice. The only drawback in this type of communication method may be the time lapse due to connection problems.

All the above mentioned technologies are some of the solutions that a person can adopt to overcome the problem in inconvenience of text messaging and internet communication. These methodologies decrease the rate of misunderstood or misinterpreted messages.  Even without the convenience of face to face communication, these schemes help people to better communicate with their friends and family.

As based on Silver Coat Tourism Resorts Income and Expenditure Statement, a What-If Analysis was drawn. After studying the statement, the What-If analysis was administered by formulation of 2 case scenarios. The scenarios would concentrate on the Planned Direct expenses wherein different values would be assigned to this item and how the Net Profit Income of each profit generating centre would be affected. A comparison of the original planned expenses to the two case scenarios would be made as well as show the different net ncomes that they will actually provide. Table 1 is presented below
Original Planned

ExpensesCase Scenario 1Case Scenario 2Administration72,500.00110,000.0052,000.00Depreciation61,250.0086,500.0063,000.00Energy46,000.0048,750.0031,500.00Insurance12,500.0032,450.0022,500.00Maintenance26,000.0038,000.0028,000.00Marketing52,250.0061,000.0060,000.00Net Income650,910.00544,710.00664,410.00Table 1. Table showing Original Planned Expenses, Case Scenario 1 and 2 assigned expenses as well as Net Income yield of each category

As shown in Table 1, Case Scenario 1 was assigned higher planned expenses as compared to the original planned expenses. In comparison of both the values presented, it clearly shows that higher planned expenses would translate to lower net income. Therefore, when Case Scenario 1 is considered, it will result to a lesser net income since comparing its net income value to the original planned expenses column will result to a decrease of 106,200.00.

Case Scenario 2 as a different approach, assigns values in a different manner. Some expenses were increased and other expense categories were decreased. This resulted to an increase in net income of  13, 500.00 which is equivalent to approximately 2. Therefore, knowing which expenses to minimize and which ones to increase will definitely result to higher net income.

In conclusion, when a company puts effort on how to somehow minimize their indirect expenses it will definitely result to increase in net income. The company must employ the best means of decreasing their expenses in order for them to yield a higher profit.

Business Value of the Excel Workbook
The excel workbook is a tool that will help financial planners since it can help gauge the overall financial performance of a business when being faced with various modifiable constraints. The values placed on Planned Indirect Expenses are considered the modifiable variables. The indirectoperating expenses can be manipulated while keeping constant the Net Income, Cost of Sales and Direct Expenses. This way, the business can weigh the effects of the changes made in indirect expenses and they can work on ways on how these expenses be mnimized. In effect, the company profit is maximized. With the excel woorkbook, financial planners can determine the expense which should be monitored closely, which ones are to be minimized, how to effectively do it and what are the best expense allocation expense technics to be employed that will give positive results.

Business Case
Risk Management Strategy
Executive Summary

The risk management Strategy is a very important tool for identifying all risks associated within a project. It plays a very important role in the success of any project. ERP implementation is gaining wide recognition and acceptance in the evolving technological world. The Water Pump World case has considered implementing SAP for its major operations through an evaluation of multiple vendors. The ERP implementation involves internal, costs and schedule risks for the Water Pump World.

This strategy is designed to identify all risks associated with the implementation, so that all anticipated benefits attached can be achieved. Once all critical risk factors are recognized, we have further categorized the risks according to their severity through the risk assessment Matrix. The matrix will provide a basis to understand, control and thus monitor all such risks to nullify their impact. Once all such strategies are defined, the company can easily make the implementation a success and gain the maximum benefits.

Introduction
A risk Management Strategy helps an organization to evaluate the potential risks associated with the implementation of a system. It further helps in mitigation and control of all such risks to an extent so that their overall impact on the organization and its current and potential business is minimal. Risk Management helps in identifying, assessing and prioritizing risks that may occur in any form and organizations should devise strategies to get a 360 degree view of all such factors.

In the strategy all such risks are relative to the performance of a system i.e. risks affect the components as well as the overall structure, where the impact may be small or large. This is important for the overall success of any implementation taking place within the organization to achieve its goals.

Management of risks
Risk Management is the most important tool for identifying and controlling risks that take place during system implementation. This strategy is planned and devised for managing all kinds of these risks from all aspects. The following are the identified benefits that an organization can gain form an effective risk Management Strategy

Utilization of resources- The organization can identify the risk and thus use its resources accordingly
Organizational Reputation  The strategy helps in protecting the image of the organization
Stability of operations  All operations can be protected after the detection of risks
Pre-planning  Enables the firm to be prepared for upcoming circumstances
Assistance  Assists the organization in devising plans for controlling risks

Purpose
The purpose of the document is to devise a risk Management Strategy for the Water Pump world where the company is looking forward to ERP implementation for it major business functions. This document identifies and assesses major risks associated with the implementation. This document helps in planning control mechanisms for the identified risks.

Scope
The scope of this document is limited to identifying the risks associated with the successful implementation of the ERP system. The scope also includes devising plans for monitoring and controlling all such risks.

Audience
This strategy is devised for use by the all the key stakeholders involved in the Water Pump World Case to identify, control and monitor all risks associated with the ERP Implementation.

Limitations and Constraints
Measuring the risk assessment components is a challenging task. Error can be huge in this case.
ERP is very wide subject. Our literature review is limited to a few articles and books.

Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment is the objective evaluation of risk along with its two major components the first being the loss that will be incurred and its occurrence probability (Foster 2010). The major risks associated with the system implementation are as discussed below

Internal Risks
Internal Risks identifies the critical risk factors (CRFs) that impact an implementation and might be present within the organization, where the monitoring and control lies within (Anderson 2003). The literature review helps in identifying risk factors from risk management perspectives in order to gain an insight into the critical factors that directly or indirectly affect the successful implementation of any system.

Literature Review
Introduction
ERP systems have gained much recognition over time and many organizations are considering on implementing the modules of a re-known ERP system in order to access its benefits and therefore reduce cost and maximize profits. In order to gain full advantage of all such systems it is very important to analyze the risks associated with the successful usage of an ERP system and what Critical factors should be taken into consideration (Barki, Rivard  Talbot 1993). For this purpose, we have collected and analyzed cases and articles on ERP implementation and the risks involved.

Case Summary
The case study in literature review is based on SAP R3 in the Water Corporation of Western Australia. This case identifies that SAP has it own implementation structure and therefore the approach should be defined appropriately to gain its maximum benefits. SAP requires a BPR strategy for organizations who adopt it. Thus, it is really important to assess all critical risk and success factors. The Water Corporation adopted a realization Strategy and Realization process for successful implementation of the ERP (ERP Studies). To put it into a nutshell, it is very important to analyze all such factors that influence and impact the use of a new system within the organization. This helps in gaining maximum benefits.

Presentation of the Review - Critical Risk Factors Identified
Goals Alignment  Failure to identify a system that fits to the organizational requirements and meets its long term objectives

Organizational Resistance- Resistance to change the Organizational Structure to enhance business through the use of ERP (Quinn 2005)

Skill Matrix  Lack of Human Resource Skills that have functional and business knowledge (Iskanius 2003)
Management support  This may include (Thomas 2002)
Lack of Managerial Support
Choosing the right vendor
Inefficiency in making appropriate communications to explain requirements
Integration  Failure to integrate with the existing applications (if any) for data centralization and sharing (Lam 2003)
Customization  Standard system failure to completely adhere to the organizational requirements
End users Resistance  This includes
End users reluctance to switch to the new system
Insufficient training to end  users
Lack of documentation to support the system
Lack of System support managers from the vendors
Technological Infrastructure  Inadequate Technological Infrastructure that would result in failure to meet the specs of the system
Project Planning  inappropriate allocation of resources especially time and budget allocation
Scope Creep  In ERP projects, there is always a threat of scope creep and deviation.

Risk Matrix  Water Pump World Case
ConsequenceLikelihoodInsignificant (1)Minor (2)Moderate (3)Major (4)Extreme (5)Rare (1)Unlikely (2)Possible (3)Scope CreepLikely (4)Goals Alignment
Management Support
End-users Resistance
Project PlanningTechnological Infrastructure
Organizational ResistanceAlmost Certain(5)Skills Matrix
Customization
Schedule Risks
Implementation Approach

The implementation methodology for the SAP modules is Accelerated SAP (ASAP), where a phased approach will be used in the water pump world case. We will be implementing the important main modules required for the business during the first release and the rest in further releases.

Risks with the Phased Approach
The following are the risks associated with a phased approach in ERP (Doane  Guzman 2006)
RisksWill incur additional Time Will incur additional Cost Will lead to problems in the ScopeDependency on other modulesaClose co-ordination Amongst StakeholdersaaIntegration between legacy and new systemaLonger time to implementaaCost Risks
Cost Estimates   Cost Risks with the case may be the inaccuracy in measuring all the cost associated with the implementation (Thamhain 2005).
Project Execution Failure  The project may be prolonged or delayed due to failure in part or whole of the execution
Risk of Phased Approach  The phased approach takes longer time to implement which might incur additional unseen costs (Reed  Doane 2002).
Risk Mitigation
Identified Risks

ImpactActionsGoals AlignmentHighA complete feasibility study is carried out for the ERP implementation to meet organizational goals.Organizational ResistanceHighSince Water Pump World is adopting an ERP solution to increase competitiveness, the organization and the analyst will work in conjunction to redesign SOPs.Skills MatrixHighProper training to all the HR involvedManagement SupportHighTo meet its goals, Management will ensure to provide complete support to the vendor. Also, thorough vendor assessment is done to select the best vendor.IntegrationHighAll integration points will be identified and studied before the start of the project to support system and data integration at all levels.CustomizationHighIn-depth requirement analysis will support all customization requirements of the Water Pump World.End-users ResistanceHighAn agreement on full co-operation from all the concerned departments of the client will be attained.Technological InfrastructureHighSystem study also covers infrastructural requirements study.Project PlanningHighProject Planning will be done by involving all key stakeholdersScope CreepMediumProject Managers are responsible to take care of deviating form the scope and additional requirements.Dependency on other modulesHighAll such dependencies will be identified in the beginning of the projectClose co-ordination Amongst StakeholdersHighA full time project coordinator will be provided by the Water Pump World to ensure timely delivery of required information.Longer time to implementHighTimelines are defined in the Gantt chart and will be strictly followed.Cost EstimatesHighCost Estimates are made keeping in view the requirements and key components of the systemProject Execution FailureHighProject should have a check and QA procedure at each level of the phased approach.Risk Monitoring
The following risk monitoring Strategies will help in further looking into the risks identified
Identified Risks

ImpactStrategyGoals AlignmentHighFeasibility StudyOrganizational ResistanceHighROI Study and Cost Benefit AnalysisSkills MatrixHighSufficient training to all key people involvedManagement SupportHighPlenty of Managerial SupportIntegrationHighComplete System PlanningCustomizationHighThorough Requirements AnalysisEnd-users ResistanceHighThorough Managerial and IT SupportTechnological InfrastructureHighPlenty of IT SupportProject PlanningHighThorough Requirements AnalysisScope CreepMediumHigh Project Management InvolvementDependency on other modulesHighThorough Requirements AnalysisClose co-ordination Amongst StakeholdersHighHigh Project Management InvolvementLonger time to implementHighGantt Chart preparationCost EstimatesHighAccurate calculation of licensing , implementing and training costs of SAP modulesProject Execution FailureHighDevelopment of Contingency Plan

Summary of Risks
The risk Management Strategy is useful in evaluating, assessing and controlling all the risks associated with the ERP implementation. The strategy focuses on pre-implementation plans and control mechanisms which will further prevent from new risks. Also, all identified risks can be taken care of at the beginning and this can save from disastrous outcomes like complete system failure. The risks identified and rated according to the risk assessment matrix shows that all anticipated risks of the Water pump World case have high value and therefore are very important to control for the successful implementation.

The research paradigms used in the current research are rooted on both positivism and anti-positivism, since it will utilise a mixed methods approach. Moreover, the study takes on a descriptive, comparative, and correlational research design. It shall discuss the following 1) family background, 2) educational attainment, 3) cultural values and beliefs, and 4) the use of social networking sites by Saudi Arabian and Australian women. In selecting the subjects, purposive sampling will be applied. The sample that will be drawn  shall be composed of young females, between the ages of 18 and 22 years old, who are locals of Saudi Arabia and Australia, respectively. The inclusion criteria are 1) must be a young female aged 18-22 years old 2) must a natural born citizen of Saudi Arabia or Australia 3) must have regular access to the Internet and 4) must have expressed consent in participating in the study.

Depending on the number of questions that shall be composed in the questionnaire, the research shall use the ratio of one survey item to 5 participants. Assuming that the survey will have 25 questions in total, there will be 125 Saudi Arabian women, and 125 Australian women who shall be targeted to participate. Two main instruments are used in gathering data for the study, namely, a survey and interview, representing the quantitative and qualitative approaches applied in the research. The first instrument to is an online survey and the second is an interview guide. The online survey shall be custom-designed by the researcher, and the latter shall ask the help of subject matter experts to validate the contents. A pilot study shall also be conducted from an initial 30 respondents from either country, to establish the reliability of the instrument and its subscales through the computation of Cronbachs alpha.

The quantitative data from the online questionnaires shall be statistically analysed by encoding and processing them onto the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 16.0. Descriptive statistics, the t-test for two independent samples, and Pearsons correlation coefficient shall all be computed for analysis. Thematic analysis, on the other hand, shall be used for analysing the qualitative data from the interviews.

Chapter 3
Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The current study makes use of a mixed methods approach which will be described in this chapter, along with a justification for the research paradigm and methodology that have been selected. The research methodology components, including the sampling plan, criteria for selecting participants, and the process for gathering data are thoroughly discussed all geared towards the topic of the influence of culture on womens use of social networking sites. The research design is rationalised, while ethical considerations were expounded on.

3.2 Justification for the Research Paradigm and Methodology
The research paradigms used in the current research are rooted on both positivism and anti-positivism, owing to the fact that it will make use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Brannen (2005) asserts that positivism involves the gathering of empirical data to be able to lend credence to theory. In the current study, the positivistic approach is seen from the primary data gathered from questionnaires, and which shall be utilised to make statistical computations and conclusions about the phenomenon at hand. On the other hand, anti-positivism, specifically phenomenology, has to do with the first hand experience of the participants. In the context of the present research, phenomenology is practised in the interview process, where selected women shall be interviewed regarding their experience on the use of social networking sites and the impact of culture on the latter.

The researcher has preferred to apply a mixed methods approach, involving the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches, to arrive at substantive conclusions for the study. Using multiple methods when conducting research lends support to the study, increasing its validity and reliability. This is permitted by the fact that the problem or process is analysed from different angles (Brannen 2005). Moreover, a mixed methods approach helps in verifying the validity of the data gathered from one approach through the other approach. In short, a mixed methods research, balances the results from one research to another and reduces the possibility of misinterpreting data, since the number of means through which data are validated is increased (Mingers  Brocklesby 1997).

According to Green, Caracelli,  Graham (1989), there are a number of ways as to how the mixed method approach can improve the evaluation of results. First, it tests the reliability of the findings which have been acquired using various instruments and allows researchers to have more control over causes that may influence the results. It explains the results gathered from one method using another method that is, the results acquired from one approach influences the next steps to be taken in the research process. Moreover, the outcomes acquired from one method encourage new questions and challenges during the research process. Since the mixed methods approach is an extensive procedure that involves both statistics and qualitative data, it provides more detail and strength to the study, leveraging on the strengths of each research approach. All in all, the analysis of the current study will be enhanced as different methods are integrated, which are more likely to generate more insights on the influence of culture on womens use of social networking sites.

A mixed methods approach in determining the impact of culture on young womens use of social networking sites, particularly in Saudi Arabia and Australia. A mixed methods research, also referred to as multimethodology, is an approach that combines the gathering and examination of both qualitative and quantitative data (Creswell 2004). In a mixed methods research, the quantitative portion makes use of a scientific method that is primarily based on a logical or reasonable deduction. The qualitative portion, on the other hand, assumes a scientific method with which conclusions are drawn from observations. In a quantitative approach, the collection of data relies upon exact measurement along with information that has been validated with the use of rating scales, tables and graphs, to name a few. Therefore, the quantitative approach generates statistical reports that demonstrate correlations (Creswell 2003).

The qualitative approach, though, makes use of qualitative information with which majority of information collection can be gathered from the researcher himself with the use of interviews, focused group discussions, and other methods as well. Upon using this approach, the results of a research will generate a narrative report that includes a description of the surrounding conditions as well as direct quotations that have been obtained from the research material. It is known that both qualitative and quantitative methods each have its own strengths and weaknesses that may significantly affect the accuracy of any study. The primary aim of a mixed methods approach is to sum up all the positive portions of both the two approaches (qualitative and quantitative) and construct data that is precise and accurate (Tashakkori  Teddlie 2003). When applying more than a few methods during the research process, using the strength and minimizing the disadvantages of each approach will be the best step to take as a mixed method approach of information collection and evaluation is more likely to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of any information.

Research Design
The study takes on a descriptive, comparative, and correlational research design. It is naturally descriptive in a way that the study describes the 1) family background, 2) educational attainment, 3) cultural values and beliefs, and 4) the use of social networking sites by Saudi Arabian and Australian women. Such factors are analysed to determine their relationship with the impact of culture on the usage of social networking sites. The research is also considered comparative since there is an attempt to compare cultural values and beliefs and preponderance of use of social networking sites of Saudi Arabian women on one hand, and Australian women on the other.

The research design is also said to be correlational since it aims to determine whether there is a relationship between culture and the use of social networking sites among young females. The survey aims to ask a number of young females regarding their attitudes and opinions to find the relationship between these factors and their reported use of social networking sites. The interview component of the research includes a face-to-face meeting, with which the researcher shall ask the selected participants a series of questions in relation to the chosen variables including their family background, educational attainment, cultural principles, and their use of social networking sites.

Subjects and Sampling Plan
In selecting the participants for this research, purposive sampling will be applied. The sample that will be drawn  shall be composed of young females, between the ages of 18 and 22 years old, who are locals of Saudi Arabia and Australia, respectively. Purposive sampling prescribes the articulation of inclusion criteria considering the purpose of the study (Creswell 2003). Consequently, the sample is selected to include individuals of interest and exclude those who do not fit the purpose of the study. Considering the objectives of the current study, the criteria are as follows 1) must be a young female aged 18-22 years old 2) must a natural born citizen of Saudi Arabia or Australia 3) must have regular access to the Internet and 4) must have expressed consent in participating in the study.

Depending on the number of questions that shall be composed in the questionnaire, the research shall follow the recommendation of Chatfield  Collins (2000) to have a ratio of one survey item to 5 participants. Assuming that the survey will have 25 questions in total, there will be 125 Saudi Arabian women, and 125 Australian women who shall be targeted to participate. Owing to the nature of the study, it is appropriate to use snowball sampling as well, where participants are initially selected, and then they furnish the researcher with referrals of other women who are likely to be interested to participate. The referral process is repeated until the desired number of respondents is reached for both countries. A lesser number of participants will be interviewed 5 women from Saudi Arabia, and another 5 from Australia.

Procedure
By gathering information using books, journal articles, and other online sources, the review of related literature was drafted. All materials and resources were organised and combined to come up with pertinent information on the influence of culture on the use of social networking sites. These formed the secondary data for the research. Consequently, the researcher shall send out letters to young women from Saudi Arabia and Australia who may be interested to participate in the study. If they consent participation and accomplish the survey sheet, they will also be requested to make referrals, and endorse these lists to the researcher. This process of primary data gathering through snowball sampling is repeated until the desired number of respondents is attained.
 
Two main instruments are used in gathering data for the study, namely, a survey and interview, representing the quantitative and qualitative approaches applied in the research. The first instrument to be used, which is an online survey, will cover a number of variables in relation to the topic, including 1) family background 2) educational attainment 3) cultural beliefs and values and 4) internet usage. The online survey shall be custom-designed by the researcher, and the latter shall ask the help of subject matter experts to validate the contents. A pilot study shall also be conducted from an initial 30 respondents from either country, to establish the reliability of the instrument and its subscales through the computation of Cronbachs alpha.

The quantitative data from the online questionnaires shall be statistically analysed by encoding and processing them onto the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 16.0. Descriptive statistics, the t-test for two independent samples, and Pearsons correlation coefficient shall all be computed for analysis.

On the other hand, the interview will similarly ask questions on the foregoing variables and will place emphasis on how the use of social networking sites is influenced by ones culture. For instance, the questions will help identify the motives as to why the respondents have become involved in using networking sites. Cultural components such as their roles as women within their society, perceived behavioural control of family and school, and subjective norms within their circles shall be inquired about. The interview component requires the establishment of rapport between the interviewer and participant (Brannen 2005). This entails making them feel comfortable before the interview proper, and asking informal questions that will make them feel at ease. This shall increase the likelihood of gathering candid, valid responses from them.

The responses to the interviews will be written down, and will become the basis for a thematic analysis. Being able to recognise common themes that are present among all responses will allow the researcher to draw out useful conclusions from the qualitative data (Denzin  Lincoln 2003).

Moreover, using thematic analysis, conclusions may be generated to meet the studys objectives.
3.6  Proposed Method of Data Analysis
The quantitative data that have been gathered from secondary data shall be analysed through, documentary analysis that generally examines data in a systematic way, instead of merely describing it. The focus of such an analysis must revolve around a critical examination and will work best when the primary purpose is to be able to see clearly and spontaneously into the nature of a complex subject or situation (Boyatzis 1998). Such analysis of data can help the researcher in recognizing trends and patterns that may be present in themes presented in the literature.

On the other hand, the qualitative data collected using interviews during the research process will be examined based upon a thematic analysis with which results are analysed according to themes that are culled from the raw interview responses. The analysis of data is likely to be an ongoing process which can also take place during the actual process of collecting data (Creswell 2004). The researcher will then consider and reflect on the themes that may emerge during the data collection process, and allow opportunities for modifying the methods when apt.

Finally, descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage distributions, means, and standard deviations shall be generated. The t-test for independent samples shall be utilised to ascertain if there are significant differences between the attitudesbeliefs of the two groups of women, and their usage of social networking sites. This statistic determines significant differences between two group means. Moreover, Pearsons correlation coefficient shall be computed to determine if there is a significant relationship between attitudebeliefs and likelihood of using social networking sites.

3.5 Ethical Considerations
An important principle for the research process that has been applied for the current study is the security of all acquired information. The confidentiality of all participants is kept while the information that they have provided is held private, secure, and confidential. Preventing any bias during the research methods, particularly during the interviews, as well as having a high regard and consideration for participants are all critical when undergoing ethical research (Gregory 2003).

Participants will also be informed that they can freely choose to stop answering the survey or leave the interview if they prefer to do so. Moreover, for the Saudi Arabian participants who do not perfectly understand the English language, the researcher offers to provide the questions using their local language, for them to have a complete grasp of all the questions for the research.

3.6 Conclusion
 The mixed-method approach is a means of producing and creative alternatives to traditional or ways of gathering data and analyzing information. The current study makes use of such an approach of combining both the qualitative and quantitative means of collecting and examining information regarding the impact of culture on young womens use of social networking sites particularly in Saudi Arabia and Australia. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques shall be used to select 125 women from each country, for the online survey component of the research. Moreover, 5 women each shall serve as interviewees.  Statistical, documentary, and thematic analyses shall all be used in making sense of the raw data. SPSS v. 16 shall be used to analyse the quantitative data.

Wireless routers are part of the general category of routers, which are mechanical devices used to forward data packets across networks. Basically, it can be thought of as the communicating and connecting protocol between two networks, whether they are wide area networks or local area networks they will all use routers. Standard routers require connections through wiring, where as wireless routers do not.

Routers are important because they forward data packets from one point to another. They are always placed near, or at, gateways, so that there is proper of data packets across networks. A routers main job includes forwarding of data packets, but also routing with the use of protocols to ensure that the route of transfer is the best possible means. As mentioned earlier, the core purpose of routers is to provide a communication channel. Based on the importance of internet connectivity and wireless networking, it is often very important for home users to connect to a network, or for firms to link multiple networks. This is where the use of wireless or direct routers comes in.

The paper seeks to examine what wireless routers are, and what their particular functions relating to internet connectivity is. Second, the essay will examine the main security threats that affect wireless routers, and finally, the paper will offer respective solutions to these threats. In the end, the essay will be summarized, providing concrete analytical summarization of all points mentioned in the paper.

Wireless Routers
The basic difference between wired routers and wireless routers is not in their purpose, but rather their structure. Basically, wireless routers perform the same exact functions like that of a wired router. However, the materials used to develop wireless routers are much different. For one, wireless routers do not have direct wiring connecting them to networks. Second, they are generally categorized in a manner which demonstrates their ability to transmit data packets without the use of wiring(Rackley, 2007). This means that they will always have antennas to aid this purpose on the router. Wireless routers can also be held to be far less secure than wired routers, due to the possibility of interception of data packets in between.

In terms of performance and durability, wireless routers work in the same way as wired routers (Rackley, 2007). The installation costs for wireless routers is generally higher than that of wired routing, however, the installation time and effort, required to set up a wired router is far greater than that of a wireless router. In addition, wireless routers add more to the mobility of the user than wired routers.

Functionality of wireless routers
The key fundamental that is required for wireless networks to work is the existence of Internet Protocols (IP) addresses. These are basically numbers assigned to every computer that is available on the network, or is part of it. The key functionality of the wireless router is to provide direction to data packets. Thus, wireless routers send data packets based on the various IP addresses. Each router contains a routing table which manages the source and destinations of various IP addresses and there in turn, the direction of data packets. To make the internet work, the connectivity that we all enjoy, comes from thousands of routers are work.

Security issues with wireless routers
Wireless routers are obviously less secure than wired routers. This is primarily because wireless data packets can be intercepted and transformed by hackers, or abusers. However, there are other issues involved with wireless routers as well, which can be divided into (Zhang, 2008)

Home wireless threats
Public Wireless Threats
Home wireless threats
Earlier, the paper discussed that routers can be used by individuals to simply relay information on the internet and connect to other WANs or LANS. These are home users of wireless routing. Since the data packets are sent through airwaves, there is a high probably of interception and manipulation of the data packages.

Some of the problems that can occur with home users and wireless routers are
Piggy backing
War-Driving
Unauthorized computer access
Piggy backing

One of the biggest problems that occur in private networks with wireless routers is the fact that anyone with a wireless catching ability can access your connection to the internet.  This is especially true in networks that are present in closely located vicinities such as those in an apartment or close neighborhood. The basic problem here is the fact that people end up taking a free ride on your expense. At the same time, there is a high possibility that the owner of the wireless router ends up exceeding the amount of connections viable on the wireless router because other people keep taking up space (Zhang, 2008). When other people use the wireless routers through this illegal way of connection, the bandwidth reduces, and the internet speed available to the owner of the wireless router can drastically reduce. Finally, any activity undertaken on that internet connection, whether legal or illegal, will always be traced back to the owner of the wireless router thus making it a severe risk. Anyone even slightly proficient in networking technology can even use different softwares to keep a track and tab on the owner of the wireless router. Doing so might result in an invasion of privacy, lost passwords and a constant monitoring of activities by third party users who have piggy backed on your wireless router.

War-Driving
Piggy backing has become more professional in recent times. Now, a lot of malicious users are actually driving through towns and streets looking for access to unsecured networks like the ones mentioned above to piggy back on. Once such networks are found, they are published on websites for anyone to access at any time. This basically creates an avenue for malicious users to take advantage of you, and your personal security, by following up and conducting illegal activities using your wireless router (Buttyan, 2007). Since the risk to them is nil, and you, being the owner of the wireless router, will take the entire blame, this becomes a serious security threat.

Unauthorized computer access
Often, users share files through their wireless routers. When access is gained through the unsecured connection, malicious users can access those files, manipulate them, and even use the sourcedestination information to hack into your computer, simply through your wireless router connection. This has proven to be a serious problem, as many users have reported having had malicious attacks on their programs and files because they had shared files, which provided an entry point for hackers and malicious third party users (Buttyan, 2007).

Public wireless networks
When connection to other networks especially those that are unsecured, can expose users who access the internet through public access points, to a variety of risks. This is primarily because this is a public connection point which is unsecure.
The various ways that public access points leave users vulnerable are
Evil Twin attacks
Wireless Sniffing
P2P connections
Unauthorized access
Shoulder Surfing
Evil twin attacks

The authenticity of public access points can often been vulnerable points for users triyng to connect to a network using public access points. This is primarily because malicious users have become so advanced, that they can replicate the public access point to such a degree, that many users end up connecting to the fake public access point, rather than the real one. One reason for this is that malicious users, who intent to exploit these connectors, use bogus signals to hype up the signal strength (Sheldon, 2001). Fair users find this attractive, thinking that it is the real connection, and try to connect. When they do that, the basic problem that occurs is that such malicious users have made the public access point replica to exploit vulnerable users, and therefore, have the software capabilities and know how to take advantage of such users. They use technology to spy on the activities of the users who has connected to the public access point in the hope of getting sensitive information such as credit card numbers, addresses and passwords.

Wireless Sniffing
The above mentioned technique goes far beyond bogus signal settings. Malicious users can even gain your sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card numbers simply with you being online through the public access point (Buttyan, 2007). This is primarily because the public access point is not secure, and the information transfers taking place on the network are not encrypted. Thus, using sniffing tools, personal information of users can be exploited by malicious users (Barbeau, 2007).

P2P connections
Here, it is important to understand the ad-hoc mode of wireless networking. This mode allows users to connect to other users, directly on their PCs using a wireless router. Because wireless routers and wireless networks provide support to ad hoc networks, malicious users can develop these and connect directly to an unsuspecting victim. The worst part is, that most laptops and computers fitted with Wireless receiving technology, are set on ad hoc mode as default. Therefore, the risk that occurs is the fact that malicious users can log in, and connect to your computer directly, if he or she has the same settings as that on your computer. This allows them access to your personal files and documentations, resulting in a direct invasion of privacy and leakage of sensitive personal information (Buttyan, 2007).

Unauthorized computer access and spoof attacks
As with personal networks, the same security threat exists with public access points, through wireless routers that of unauthorized computer access. Users with malicious intent can access all files and directories you have shared with the network and use them for ill intended purposes.
There are even situations where routing information can be altered or replayed in a different manner than intended. If malicious users get access of the wireless router, there is a high probability that they can change the targets of the router. By altering and replaying routing information, malicious users can end up creating a situation where the routing traffic is disturbed, looped, or even falsified (Nichols, 2001). They can even break the network between a point and source distance.

Securing Wireless Routers
Based on the analysis above, it is evidently clear that wireless routers need to be secured to protect our privacy, both personal and financial. It has also become clear that wireless networks generated through wireless routers are a serious cause for mishaps and malicious activities because it provides an easy break in source for hackers and people with ill-intent to exploit and take advantage of users and networks.

Various security agencies and network solution providers have forwarded the case for different techniques to counter and entirely eliminate the above circumstances from happening. Some of their options are more precautionary, where as others are for total security. In my opinion, both are necessary to establish a sense of control over our wireless routers.
The steps that are often mentioned are
Access point administration interface
SSID
WPA encryption
WEP
Mac filtering
WLAN transmitting power and positioning
Firewalls

Access point administration interface
As explained earlier, all factory fitted Wi-Fi devices come with a built in, default password. The access point administration interface is basically dealing with password security. For starters, the default password should be changed immediately to one with numbers, and alphabets to ensure reliability.  Some devices even allow user names to be changed, and if that is possible, should be contemplated. This is primarily because users with malicious intent have developed sophisticated methods of tracking generally kept passwords. The list is even available online for other hackers. To ensure the sustainability of passwords, they must be changed in intervals of 30-60 days (Nichols, 2001).

SSID
SSID stands for Service Set Identifier (Sheldon, 2001). This is a term used to define the name that is generally given to a network. On a WLAN, all wireless routers need to have corresponding (same) SSIDs, to be able to connect with each other. However, as if default passwords, these are also designed and shipped by the manufacturer of the device. A good illustration of this would be Linksys which often shows up on wireless networks.

The problem generally occurs when people do not change the SSID, or when they try to change it with ineffective practices. For one, those changing it often use birthdays, names, and other personal information to define the SSID. Others simply use alphabets instead of using alpha-numeric.  The best option is generally held to be that users should not display their SSID at all. This method is more of a precaution. For one, your wireless router will not show your network to passerbys and people living in close localities. However, when it comes to sniffers, they will be able to find you.

WPA encryption and the use of WEP
WEP stands for wired equivalency privacy, where as WPA stands for wireless protected access. The general argument that has been debated over time has been the effectiveness and utility of both security measures. Based on research, it has been found that the WEP is less stringent as the WAP. This is primarily because the WEP has well known vulnerabilities. These have been tracked and investigated, but to break a WEP encryption is far simpler and easier than that of WAP (Nichols, 2001).

The WAP is better encrypted since the passwords generally used are all alpha-numeric, instead of simple numbers and characters independently. The latest WAP technology that is being introduced with new hardware has even stronger protection properties and harder encryptions to ensure the privacy of data and security for the user.

However, even so, the problem lies in compatibility. Even to this date, most wireless routers and systems support the WEP system and cannot function or carry the WAP system (Held, 2002). Therefore, it is highly recommended that even with the drawbacks of the WEP, it should be integrated for wireless routers to ensure as much protection as possible in the given circumstance.

MAC Filtering
Wireless routers and networking equipment come with MAC addresses. These are identifiers of hardware and are unique to each set. The concept of MAC filtering involves entering only the set of MAC addresses on your wireless router and networking equipment that you know about. Only these addresses will be allowed access to the network whereas, all others will be filtered. This is a good way of ensuring only known and trustable users access your network through your wireless router (Santos, 2007).

It is true that MAC addresses are built into the hardware and thus cannot be changed. However, with the latest software available on the market today, it is possible to replicate the address. Thus, the MAC filtering process is obviously not fool proof (Wu, 2007). For one, spoofing techniques can easily imitate MAC addresses and any person with adequate know how could easily do this. This is more of a precautionary measure that can be taken by individuals to ensure the security of their systems, privacy and wireless routing experience.

Transmitting power and positioning
Most wireless routers now provide the option of decreasing signal strength based on the customer needs. More and more firms are offering ways for consumers to limit the power supply to the wireless router. This is primarily being done so that consumers and internet users have the option of decreasing and increasing signal strength, based entirely on their needs and uses. Using this method, we can, to an extent prevent our wireless router from transmitting signals beyond a certain point (Sheldon, 2001). It is difficult to do that, particularly because there is no way to properly define how far the signals with go and the decreasing signals philosophy is based primarily on trial and error.
An extension of this property can be held in another context as well varying the position of the wireless router. For instance, positioning the wireless router in the center of the house, or area of use, one can drastically limit the exposure of signals to the external environment. This works particularly well because even if the signals are transmitted, they will be far lesser than they would have been otherwise. And malicious users or third parties will be able to utilize only 10-15 of the bandwidth (Hardjono, 2005).

Firewalls
Firewalls have been well established in their role in protecting personal computers from malicious use. Their usefulness has resulted in another dimension having been opened in reference to wireless routing. With the success of earlier versions of firewalls such as Zone Alarm and Norton, now companies are developing firewalls specifically for wireless routers (Nichols, 2001). This means added security and privacy for users buying the newer version wireless routers.

Conclusion
In conclusion, it is evident that wireless security is a pertinent issue in the security of privacy and personal data. Some statistics put the figure at 60, relating to the number of wireless routers unsecure, and most vulnerable to hacker attacks.

The paper analyzed what wireless routers are, how they work and what makes them so important in our daily lives. The internet has bought an information revolution in our world. Without it, a lot of our social functionality would falter.

People need to understand that their wireless routers are their main line of defense against hackers and invaders. The reason being that it is through the wireless router that hackers can freely ride on your internet. It is through the wireless router that hackers can invade information, privacy and your personal documents on your computer. Most pertinent is the issue that through access from your wireless router, hackers can perform internet attacks, spam attacks and other illegal activities under YOUR name.

The solution most commonly mentioned, aside from the above mentioned strategies, is the introduction of a 802.11 wireless router. However, the most pertinent issue to address is that of secure password formations. Generally, hackers can crack passwords on an average of 2 minutes, through the use of software and password crackers. The key lies in developing passwords which contain both alphabets and numerics.

All in all, to have a secure internet connection, safeguarding the wireless router is of utmost importance.

Perhaps the only thing that a cellular phone cannot do nowadays is light a cigarette.  Cellphones have become the Swiss knives of technology since its inception in the late 1980s.  Before, cell phones were too large to be carried around because of their batteries that were the size of car batteries.  Other than being too large, they were also too expensive for an average individual.  As silicon technology advanced, micro chips and processors became smaller and smaller and Cellphones with them.  These communication devices are, after all, highly dependent on the capacities of micro-chips and processors.  Whats more cellular phones are getting cheaper and cheaper because of more practical and less expensive software.  For instance, Android is a fully open, customizable OS that could help cellular operators differentiate their service propositions while lowering the cost of innovative devices. (Conti, 2008)  Cellphones are likely to replace personal computers in the near future because they have successfully replaced most of the functions that personal computers are used for, namely, internet access and communication, digital storage, and entertainment.

While some groups argue that cellular phones cannot replace personal computers because of the ease that computers offer for certain processes such as word processing and spreadsheet operation, these groups can easily be disputed because while personal computers do sport the more convenient full sized keyboards, most cellular phones nowadays offer the option of purchasing a separate wireless keyboard or mouse while the phone itself is used to stand in as a monitor.  Other than these wireless keyboards, some phone units have an accessory that is able to produce a virtual keyboard through infrared on a flat surface making these minute communication devices into mini computers.

Personal computers are mostly used for access to the internet and fast communication via the World Wide Web but Cellphones offer these plus more.  Cellular phones are able to access the Wi-Fi network, use the digital communication hardware, as well as the over-the-air high-speed network (HSPDA) to access the World Wide Web and perform the exact same functions offered in a conventional computer.  Verizon for instance, is partnering with Google to develop a family of wireless devices -- phones, applications and services -- that marry the power of the Internet with Verizons 3G wireless networks. (Cauley, 2008)  Aside from this, Cellphones are also able to make regular digital calls which are by far, clearer than calls made via VoIP or personal computers messenger functions.  Whats more encouraging is that even when cellular phones can already have the ability to place calls via the cellular phone network these are also able to make VoIP calls like a real computer does.  Cellular phones are also a more portable alternative to laptops that although have become smaller and thinner through the years, could still not fit in the palm of your hand or the shirt pocket like cellular phones could.  More advanced cellular phones also offer email downloading, sending, and digital data uploading and downloading directly from the internet.  Young people who use personal computers for certain services are even now turning to cellular phones as an alternative, Teens are heavy users of new communication forms such as instant messaging, e-mail, and text messaging, as well as communication-oriented Internet sites such as blogs, social networking, photo and video sharing sites such as YouTube, interactive video games, and virtual reality environments, such as Second Life. (Subrahmanyam and Greenfield, 2008, p. 3)  As proof of the capacity of the cellular network to compete with the widely used optic system of personal computers for internet access, in some countries, small USB devices known as internet jacks like SMART BRO (Smart Communications, 2010) and GLOBE Tattoo (Globe Telecom, 2010) are being sold as accessory attachments to laptops and personal computers enabling these devices to access the same network that cellular phones access for internet connection.  These devices even claim to be ten to fifteen times faster than regular DSL connections.  When it comes to convenience, the average person would most likely opt to have a smart cellular phone with the same functions as a personal computer over the latter because aside from the cheaper price, cellular phones can offer other fringe benefits that a personal computer cannot.  This represents the obvious overtaking of cellular phone technology over regular personal computing technology.  Cellular phone software that would make these gadgets exactly the way computers are also by far, cheaper in license purchasing compared to the desktop versions of the software.  So, in terms of fast communication, cellular phones only need that they be taken out of the pocket for one to send an email, while more effort is required in booting a personal computer or a laptop.  Cellular phones boast of faster communications on the go.

Another aspect to be considered when comparing cellular phones with personal computers in terms of how these minute gadgets will eventually replace the Jurassic-sized personal computers is their storage capacity. (Jaylin, 2010)      The more advanced Cellphones nowadays are able to store up to 48 gigabytes of information.  (Jaylin, 2010)  This is even more than the average laptop of the late 90s can store.  Of course, it cannot be denied that personal computers are able to store even more but the fact remains that people do not really need gargantuan storage capacities nowadays because data is formatted, reformatted, and reinvented to become smaller and smaller.  The smaller a piece of binary data is, the better it becomes in terms of computing.  Both cellular phones and personal computers boast of the capacity to expand already existing storage space, but cellular phones are more generic in this sense as thousands of data cards are compatible with cellular phones, (Jaylin, 2010)   while only a handful of companies manufacture extra memory for personal computers, especially laptops which have permanent storage space amounts.  What is more disconcerting about personal computers is the fact that extra storage also has to be compatible with the units mother board which becomes obsolete every three or so years.  This means that while storage is available there is no main processing unit that will accommodate this storage and so a personal computer owner will have to overhaul the entire unit just to accommodate additional storage space.  Cellular phones are now designed with storage capacities that are more than an average person needs.  If each piece of music has an average length of 5 minutes, this means that a person living to 100 years will have to listen to 10,512,000 in his lifetime if he was to spend his entire lifetime listening to music only nowadays, cellular phones are able to store from 10 to 40 thousand songs, which represents about 3 if the total number of songs one will listen to in 100 years  if one did it without any pauses in between  this means that with a cellular phone, and if one wanted to listen to music only, the storage capacity will already have one spending a fourth of his life listening to music  Now, this is quite an amazing amount of storage for a device that fits in the palm of your hand.  In addition to this, technology is now being developed so that software need not be stored in your device, which all the more saves the storages spaces in cellular devices.  Whether you call it software on demand or software as a service, the idea is the same You use software on the Web instead of installing it on your hard drives, and you pay as you go. (Dahl, 2008, p. 28)  So, in terms of storage capacity, cellular phones par with personal computers and even exceed them is some aspects.

Finally, the final reason that cellular phones would eventually overtake personal computer development is because all forms of entertainment can now be had with cellular phones.  One can watch movies, listen to music, and play games on the cellular phone much like one does in movie theatres or in their own residential entertainment systems.  What gives cellular phones a head start when compared to personal computers is the fact that all these entertainment capabilities are portable.  One does not have to fuss over connecting cords, control wires, complicated A-V settings and the like, because cellular phones offer everything built into the unit.  One can have hours of entertainment through a cellular phone and not worry about electrical disturbances for as long as the batteries are fully charged.  The ease at which entertainment can be accessed through the cellular phone by far exceeds that of personal computers, this is the reason why the highly advanced phones are considered smart phones or mini-computing devices.

With the current trend, evidence simply proves that given a few more years, cellular phones are set to overtake the development and use of personal computers.  This can easily be seen in the way cellular phones are able to mimic their gargantuan counterparts in terms of communication, storage and entertainment.

Cell phone technology has been a revolution and there are many changes that have been observed in it since the start of its evolution. New features have been added in cells that match the demands of customers. This paper shall discuss the historical context of cell phones along with controversies that surrounds a cell phone.

Introduction
Historical Context of the Cell Phones
Historically the invention and innovation of radio technology brought upon the technology of cell phones in the world. Those were the times when the foundations of cell phones were laid down by the two way communication radios used in police cars and service vehicles. The first mobile phone communication was made possible by the Swedish police in 1946. Modern technology of cell phones started from the creation of hexagonal cells by the scientist named as  D.H. Ring belonging to Bell Labs in 1947. In the same years, an idea of cell  phone receiver and transmitter towers was given by an engineer from the same lab (Carlo and Schram 23).

Cell phones were first marketed in the public in 1984. Cell phones have been regarded as more of a technical miracle, blessings of which define an individual reaching his pocket and making the use of a cell phone where there was no limitation to reaching the people anywhere around the world. The initial face of cell phone was that of a heavy object that was expensive and was not an easy machine to operate as compared to the kinds of phones seen in the modern days. In the past days, cell phone used to be in the wish list of people who did not have enough money and in the most wanted list of people who had the money to own it. Initial days of this technology were the days of lesser awareness thereby  there was lesser awareness with regards to this technology being hazardous to health causing heart attacks and brain tumors. Cell phones were later known to emit radiation-emitting devices and these were not tested for health risks before being released into the market (Rheingold 26).

10 years after the release of cell phones, more than 15 million Americans were using it, the rates of adoption of this technology were beyond measures, and still there were no tests being carried out on these devices in relation to the health risks that they covered. In the year of 1999 more than 104 million Americans and even more than 500 million people around teh world were using cell phones.

Evolution of Cell Phone Technology
First generation cell phones were released by Motorola in 1983 and the model was named as DynaTAC 8000X and it took more than 15 years to be released in the market for customers. After its release many other kinds of models have been produced by Motorola in cells that have been appreciated by teh customers. in the initial days, most of teh cell phones were not made to be handled in hands in a mobile manner but all cells that were initially produced were to be fitted and fixed  in the cars permanently.

Second generation of cell phones is a range that  included more advanced mobile phone systems as GSM, IS-136 (TDMA) and IS-95 (CDMA) and these mobile phone systems were more adopted is USA and later on in Europe. Another main feature that has been associated with this generation of cell phones is that these were smaller and much better in shape as compared to the phones in 1980s. Moreover, these cell phones were hand held devices that were more portable and mobile (Kling 57).
Currently is an age of third generation mobile phones and these are referred to as 3G. this generation represented more innovations and advancements in science of wireless cell phone technology. These cells are much more complex as compared to the previous cells, are comparatively difficult to handle and learn as technology used in these cells is much more advanced, and complex.

Thereby cell phone is the kind of technology that many people are adopting and these numbers are increasing on a daily basis. As compared to the previous days there is an increase in an awareness of capabilities and market abilities that the cell phone has that has made it an increasingly accepted object.

Cell phones were counted among the analog phones that provided the customer with an ability to make and receive calls wherever he or she may be.  Text messaging was considered as a kind of innovation and it was enjoyed and highly appreciated by the people as communication was done without making longer phone calls. As the time passed by, more advancements were made and there was an incorporation of graphics and emoticons in the text messages that made it more appealing.
In the past as the technology of cell phones advanced to a stage that these were not merely considered as a status symbol but an alternative and a better mode of communication. There were many reasons for this. Text messaging was far more convenient and economic as compared to making calls and there was a revolution in the use of text messaging instead of making phone calls as text messages used lesser time to send a message across as compared to the calls.

Many cell phone companies were growing aware towards an increase in the demands that customers were having towards an increase in the functions and services that came in with cell phones thereby an additional services were added in the cell phones that further attracted customers. These days, cell phones are more than mobile entertainment systems as there were no ideas in the past if cell phones could ever play the songs as MP3 players and video players (Glotz, Bertschi  and Locke 78).

Customers all around the world are embracing the innovations that are being given in the cells and cell phones that are now being produced are based on the fashion sense of these customers. With this, it has been argued that there are many possibilities with the kind of cell phones present in the market and it is being anticipated that better generation cell phones are still to evolve as better and more complex phones that will be suited to customers demands.

Controversies Surrounding the Cell Phones
The main controversy that has surrounded cell phones since the past few years relate to a set of health risks involved with use of cell phones. It has been argued that low frequency radio waves are emitted by the cell phones that have an ability to penetrate into any matter.  Studies that have been conducted in America and Europe have shown that long-term use of cell phones can be harmful. It has been reported that the cell phones can be related to brain tumors and heart attacks in people who are in a habit to place cell phones in their heart level pockets. Thereby on the basis of this, it has been argued that precautionary measures are to be taken that can save people from getting heart attacks and brain tumors (Carlo  and Schram 56).

Second main controversy that has surrounding the cell phones relates to the rates of its usage by the teenagers and youngsters all around the world. It has been argued that on the basis of advanced features that have been added in the cell phones, youngsters and teenagers are more invited and appealed to use these. These features are being used by the teenagers in a positive as well as a negative manner, and in this case Bluetooth feature and camera are the main issues. In this case, it has been argued that the cell phones have been around for more than 15 years and no decisions have been taken by the schools and college authorities as to how to control its use in schools. Mid 1990s was the time when schools and authorities had banned the students from brining their cell phones in schools and universities. Mid 1990s was the time when cell phones were expensive and were owned by a limited number of people thereby there was a belief that students who owned the cell phones used it to facilitate drug business in the school. There are many lobbies who have discussed pros and cons of cell phone usage in the schools. One lobby who argues that cell phone usage in school is necessary as family plans as pick and drop is arranged by the parents. Other than this, it has been argued that these days security situation has become unpredictable based on which there is a need that students carry their cell phones so in case of emergencies, parents can be informed (Hanson 90).

The lobbies who argue against the use of cell phones in class say that teenagers and youngsters who use cell phones in classes and schools should not be allowed to do so as there are many wrong doings observed in schools.  Drug business has flourished in the schools and colleges as a result of cell phone based communication and it has become harder to control. On the other hand, the teenagers use cell phones with advanced features in order to attract younger girls by exchanging cell phone numbers and pictures. These are the main cause of immorality in the society.

Another main issue that has been observed with the use of cell phones in a negative way by the teenagers is a constant sharing of songs, pictures, video clips and jokes with Bluetooth technology. Seamless and unethical flirting trends in teenagers have increased by sending files through Bluetooth technology. These teenagers make sure that along with camera as an inbuilt technology in mobile, Bluetooth technology should be a compulsion. Teenagers have broken public barriers by using Bluetooth technology in shopping malls and public spaces. It has been argued by the teenagers that connecting through Bluetooth technology is much easier, safer and faster as compared to throwing numbers on individuals of opposite genders to share cell phone numbers (Kling 67).

Conclusion
Cell phone technology has been a revolution in the world of technology. This technology has been based on the radio frequency communication that began in 1980s. With advancement in the cell phone technology there has been an increase of concerns that have been taken into consideration after a set of controversies surrounding cell phones.