Technology

Website Plan (3rd Section)
One of the many factors which will determine the success of a particular website are the media formats and the plug-ins embedded in the website.

Below are the necessary media formats and the necessary plug-ins for a website
Java
Acrobat Reader
QuickTime
Windows Media Player
Adobe Flash

Graphics are equally important in websites. They do not only aesthetics purposes for websites to look good but also make the website easy to use due to illustrative characters.

The following are ways on how graphics must be used in a website

Graphics must be used to maximize and enhance users experience.

Graphics must have suitability to the website. This means that graphics must be related to the website content.

Ensure that graphics are informative to successfully convey the message of the website.
Graphics must not be distractive. Some website with superfluous graphics tends to only entertain users but do not inform.

Graphics must not be culturally offensive. Since a website can be access almost everybody, graphics must promote and instill moral values.

The content provides life to every website. This is perhaps the most important component of all websites. The goal of the website content is critical in the success of every website. For instance, an owner of the website is selling a particular product. The salability of the product will largely depend on how it is described in the website. The website content in this case should be able to highlight the importance of this particular product. The content must successfully convey the advantages of owning the product and how owning this can improve your way of living.

Obtaining content can be done in various ways as detailed below.

First and foremost, one must know what topic andor product is the person going to promote in the planned website.

Study the topic andor the product comprehensively. One must know the topic andor the product from all views.

Refer to other websites related to the topic andor the product you are showcasing.
Conduct interviews when necessary as this adds to the weight of the website content.
Seek assistance from professional service providers to enhance website content.

After having the content put in place, it is very essential and important that the owner of the website must obtain exclusive rights for it. This will uphold and protect intellectual rights over the website and it cuts across everything in the website such as website content and the graphics and design of the website if they are originally conceptualized.

The website design must have emphasis on its usability and accessibility. The users of the website must at all times regard the site as user-friendly. The site must be navigated and operated with ease allowing all users to appreciate the website itself. The sites design must see to it that learning is facilitated and not hampered.
Accessibility of the website is another important concern for this is a way to promote your website. It must be accessible from any parts of the world to reach target audiences.    

The purpose of the website would be to educate visitors on different programming languages. Irrespective of a persons knowledge level in programming, the website would be able to provide the information necessary to complete a real project or a student assignment. This can be accomplished by following three different strategies.

Tutorials
FAQ section listing out common queries and solutions
User Forum  

Target audience
The audience for the website includes students, aspiring programmers, professionals and even experienced veterans in the software industry. The website would help the visitors learn new technologies as well as advance their knowledge in a specific programming language. The website would also serve as a forum for programming enthusiasts to share ideas and help out each other.  

Content needs
The content of the website should be able to cater to a diverse group of audience with different levels of mastery in various programming languages. This would include an array of programming languages pertaining to webpage creation, database development and application software development on various platforms. The websites backbone would the step-by-by tutorials on how to code to create programs using a specific language (Programming Tutorials, 2010). Providing adequate examples of programs and illustrations would also be necessary to help the user understand the tutorial better (W3Schools, 2010). The FAQ section would be constantly updated by scouring through Internet forums discussing programming queries and solutions.

The content should be organized and made easily accessible to the users, to ensure repeat visitor and referrals (World Wide Web Consortium, 2010). This can be accomplished by allocating separate pages for every programming language, while the link to those pages would reside on the homepage of the website. The programming languages would be divided based on their application. For instance, Visual Basic would come under application software, while HTML would be listed under webpage development software.

I. Profession  Computer Programming
Computer Programming of today is now almost essentially the same with Internet programming. To take benefit of the interconnectivity that the World Wide Web offers, software developers are now on their way of finishing what they call as the soon to be popular Webtop. This would replace the peoples accustomed to used Desktop and thus making all of the computer works such as word processing and spreadsheets all web based. So as to promote the use of web application, as a computer programmer I would like to create a website that would migrate the development, compilation, running and storage of software online.

II. Review of Related Literature
Formerly, before a programmer can deploy a software application, he should first develop it through his command prompt editor. Programmers noticed the need for a better text editor that has the capable for undo and redo. As a comparison, for an HTML file to be deployed as part of a website, it should first be developed in a text editor. Programmer then developed a way on how to develop it faster through the use of what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG) editors. These editors are equipped with drag and drop functionality for its web design view, while it has a color coded html editors at its code view. Some developers nowadays are bringing these WYSIWYG editors through blog sites. It is now then easy enough to develop an HTML website through their built in templates. Through the use of Asynchronous Javascript and XML (AJAX), dynamics of website building is as easy as one click which is far better than the old way of develop locally then upload to the web to deploy. Image editors are also now available online that would further enrich ones applications. Since the trend for new computer notebooks is to lessen its hardware cost (such as limiting hard disk capacity) while strengthening on its portability, and quick loading of internet connection, it is great that almost all applications we used to wait for a long installation in our personal computers operating system are now available at our fingertips through a simple filling out of a correct URL in an address bar of a browser.

III. Computer programming website plan for implementation
Since the trend for web based applications that would do the same functionality as the applications we used to enjoy at our desktop, are getting faster everyday because of software developers urge to bring out the best for its clients, I would like to create a web site that would cater the development of these kinds of software. The website should be able to register interested developers and then right after confirmation of their email account, they could access the rich features my website offers like an online WYSIWYG HTML editor that has the same drag and drop functionality, an online source code editor that has the color coding, parsing, compiling and running system like the most Integrated Development Environment offers. The project seems to be a big one but with the use of AJAX and PHP server side scripting, we could emulate what offline WYSIWYG and IDE editors do.

The website if ever I could still implement it, would try to set up also a forum for its end user software developers that would create a way on how they could share codes and information that would be helpful for their respective projets.

IV. Materials
Hypertext markup language (HTML)
PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)
AJAX and Javascript
Cascading Style Sheets
MySQL for database

Generally we have a poor conception of the scale of outer space. In his discussion of our solar system, Bryson makes an effort to give us a notion of the vastness of it all. The overly simplistic model of the sun and its nine planets that we usually come across can be very misleading in the pictures and models, the planets are depicted as being one next to the other more or less evenly spaced. But this is quite far from reality. For example, Neptune is actually five times further away from Jupiter as Jupiter is from us, receiving only 3 of the sunlight Jupiter receives. Even if we compress the giant gas planet Jupiter to the size of a dot, Pluto would still be 35 feet from the Earth in the scale model. Pluto is so far away that the sun would appear only as only a faint dot from it.

If Earth was the size of the pea, going by the models we are used to we would imagine Jupiter to be a big ball at the most a couple of feet away but it would be in fact 1000 feet away (size unspecified by author). And Pluto would be a mile and a half away, at about the size of a microscopic germ Again, going by our commonsense perception, we would place the nearest star in this model at, say, at the most a hundred miles away  but we would be grossly mistaken. The nearest star is not even a thousand miles away, but ten thousand The distances are mind-boggling.

The solar system  implying the realm held by suns gravity  does not end at around Pluto, but in fact extends half way up to our nearest star, Proxima Centauri, which is about 4 light years away. Pluto happens to be only one-fifty-thousandth of the way to the outer edge of our solar system. Beyond Pluto lie two vast zones of icy lumps, comets, and a variety of cosmic detritus revolving around the sun, known as the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud. It is rather strange to think that these cosmic bodies revolve around a star that would be practically invisible from their vantage point, but such is the vastness of our solar system. The twin Voyager space probes, launched in the mid seventies and which are currently way past Pluto, would reach the Oort Cloud in about a ten thousand years.

Bryson states that it is inconceivable that humans would ever reach to distances so far, no matter how sophisticated our technology becomes. By implication, he rules out any journey to the stars. That is a depressing thought, nevertheless we are making a good progress in our explorations of outer space. Even within the next twenty years we are likely to discover a good deal more about the solar system and our place in the universe.

Bryson even speaks lightly about the idea of a manned mission to Mars, stating that the costs are formidable and there has not been found a solution yet for shielding the astronauts from the deadly solar radiation. But this is very much an erroneous observation. Back in 1997 itself, Robert Zubrin, the President of the Mars society, published a book delineating all the aspects of a manned mission to Mars and how it can be achieved within a fraction of NASAs projected spending. In the past few years America has reaffirmed its commitment to space exploration by proposing a manned mission to Moon in the coming decade and to Mars by 2030.

We already possess quite an advanced level of technology for observation and exploration of space, and it is growing rapidly, regardless space is an extremely challenging frontier indeed. As Bryson repeatedly emphasizes, space  and even our solar system which we would like to think of as our immediate neighborhood in the gargantuan stretches of our galaxy  is vast beyond conception. We have telescopes powerful enough to see from the earth if an astronaut lit a torch on the moon, but we still do not know definitively how many moons are there in our solar system. Bryson remarks that during his childhood it was thought that the solar system had 30 moons in all, but at the writing of the book it was at least 90. Since then though that number almost doubled, reaching now to 170 moons (The Planetary Society). This is largely thanks to the unmanned space probes we have sent in the recent years, such as Galileo and Cassini. NASA is going to send a few more space probes and telescopes in the coming decade, and they would be greatly expanding our knowledge of the solar system and beyond.  

Bryson notes that the astronomer who championed the existence of Pluto before its discovery in 1930 was expecting a really huge planet beyond Neptune, and Pluto turned out to be quite its opposite. However it could still be possible to discover a really huge planet, bigger than Jupiter and almost a twin star to the sun out there in the emptiness beyond Pluto. Within the next ten to twenty years, we can confirm the existence of such dark bodies in our solar system one way or other and can perhaps finalize our picture of the solar system. Many surprises could be in store for us.

One of the main compositions of the ocean floor is the seafloor sediments. There are four types of seafloor sediments according to composition lithogenous, biogenous, hydrogenous and cosmogenous.

Lithogenous sediments are the type of sediments derived from rocks. These are generally carried off to the ocean by wind, rivers, rainwater run-offs and water currents. Its sizes vary widely. Larger lithogenous sediments are heavy, sink faster, and thus, settle closer to lands. On the other hand, some of the smaller ones get carried out in the middle of the ocean because of its lightness.

Sediments obtained from living organisms are called biogenous sediments or oozes. Calcareous, siliceous and phosphatic are the three general kinds of biogenous sediments. Calcareous oozes are primarily consist of calcium carbonate shells and may form chalk upon settlement. Examples of calcareous organisms are cocoliths and foraminifera and they tend to be found in warm and tropical regions. Its distribution is greatly affected by the temperature of the ocean, population of microorganisms and mixing with lithogenous materials on sea floor. On the other hand, siliceous oozes are made out of silica shells. They are mostly cam from organisms like diatoms and radiolarian that mostly seen in polar and equatorial regions. Lastly, phosphatic sediments came from the teeth, bones and scales of fishes.

Hydrogenous sediments are derived from ions dissolved in the ocean that precipitates. These types of sediments are the less common than biogenous and lithogenous sediments. Its abundance is affected by change in temperature, change in pressure and addition of chemically active fluids. Types of hydrogenous sediments include ooids, evaporative salts and metal sulfides.

Cosmogenous are sediments that formed from materials from outer space. This includes cosmic dusts and unburned parts of meteorites. This kind of sediments is the least common and comprise only small fraction of ocean sediments.

Generally, biogenous and lithogenous sediments tend to dominate the ocean floor. However, its distribution is greatly affected by temperature and water depth. Calcareous type of biogenous sediments tends to accumulate in shallow, temperate regions because they dissolve in warm water slower. In contrast, siliceous type, which resides around the equator and in Polar Regions, dissolves slowly in cold water or in upwelling zones. Lastly, lithogenous sediments are most likely found in areas that are both deep and distant from land. An example of it will be the abyssal clay.

In many parts of the world, coastal erosion is becoming a large problem. To address to this problem, several techniques for preventing coastal erosion were devised. One of which is the so called French drain. It is a narrow trench filled with sand and gravel. The effectiveness of this technique is based on the amount of water that it can intercept. This technique provides a permanent solution to erosion. Another permanent but very practical method is allowing the natural vegetation of the shore undisturbed. The roots of the vegetation hold the soil and therefore minimize transport of sediments. Shore can also be protected from erosion by lining it with rocks. This technique is generally called rip-rapping.

Even though man can help in decreasing the rate of coastal erosion, some of mans works fasten the process. This is the case for the development of coastal areas. This development, such as roads, can increase the run-off of water by minimizing the contact between water and soil. Since grater run-off results to greater erosion, this action by man also increases coastal erosion. In some cases, the method used to decrease coastal erosion becomes the accelerator of erosion. This can happen to coast provided with walls. When waves collide with the wall, it becomes turbulent. This turbulence hastens erosion.

A data structure is a collection of variables, may be of different data types, connected in various ways. This includes the simple array and complex ones like linked lists, stacks, queues, graphs, trees, adjacency matrix, etc. Complex data structure is essential in programming especially when you need to create an instance of an object with multiple properties. For the purpose of illustrating clearly how essential data structures are, we will use the syntax of the C programming language to discuss it. In C, you can create a variable with a user-defined type that can contain multiple simple data types (int, char, float, etc) using the keyword  struct .

Other complex data structures such as stacks and queues, also referred as Abstract Data Types, are used in different algorithms. Stack is one of the basic data structures used widely from simple applications up to intricate ones. It follows the  last in, first out  manner. A simple program that converts binary string to its equivalent decimal number can be implemented by using a stack. First, push every digit of the binary number to the stack from left to right. The top of the stack will be occupied by the ones digit. Next, pop the top of stack and compute its decimal equivalent in ones digit. Then, pop the current top of stack, compute for its decimal equivalent in tens digit and so on until the stack becomes empty. Sum all the computed values and that will be the final decimal equivalent of the input binary string. In the other hand, another data structure called queue follows the  first in, first out  manner and has proven to be useful in many applications.

Complex data structures are also used in searching algorithms. Depth-first search (DFS) algorithm uses stack while Breadth-first search (BFS) uses queue. These two searching algorithms are used in route finding or computing the minimum cost route from the current node to a target node. They are also used in algorithm for solving puzzles. One classic example is the Eight Puzzle where the possible moves are determined using BFS or DFS.

In general, complex data structure is needed since most simple data types are insufficient to create a fully functional program or implement algorithms in a shorter time.

Array is one of the simplest data structure. It is a group of objects of the same data type that can be accessed by indexing. It can be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional. It can also be categorized as either be static or dynamic. A static array has fixed memory allocation while a dynamic array allows you to keep the size of the array unspecified in the declaration and specify it during the run time. Computations and processes on array usually used loops. Array can be used in different sorting algorithms such as bubble sort, selection sort, merge sort, insertion sort, quick sort, etc. and searching algorithms such as linear search and binary search.

The most obvious reason why array is very convenient to use is that it simplifies programming. It makes a program code shorter and neat. Let us say we have a program that computes the average grade of 100 students. The program asks the user to input the grades of 100 students. This can be implemented with or without the use of array. To implement this without array, 100 different variables must be declared. The program will prompt the user to enter grades 100 times manually. The code has 100  scanf()  tags(assuming the programming language used is C) for asking the user for input. Adding the variables is tedious for the programmer since he has to write all the 100 variables to sum them all. The result of not using arrays is a very long and messy code. It is appropriate and practical to use an array in this type of problem. With array, you can just simply declare one variable to store the 100 inputs from the user, e.g. array100. Using loop, it is possible to prompt user 100 times using only a single line of code. The same goes when adding the values of the inputs. The programmer need not to write all the variables used to store the data. He or she will have to use loop and add the variables while the index increments.

Modular design is an approach that breaks down a problem into smaller parts or modules which are designed individually. This mechanism gives many benefits for the programmers. Since application programs, in reality, become bigger in size and more complex, operation and processes in the program must be properly managed to avoid messy codes and lousy implementation of algorithms.

The benefits of modular design can be seen in projects done by team. It coordinates the work of many people and manages the interdependencies between those works or modules. An application may have several functionalities, possibly related to each other. It would be better to use modules to independently create those functionalities. In this manner, if one of the functionalities failed it will not affect the other functionalities since they are designed individually.

Another benefit would be a clearer and organized code. Since modular design allows you to divide your code according to its functionalities, you can easily determine in which part of the code you put the functionalities.

Modular programming enhances the readability of your code. With a more readable code, a programmer can easily fix the bugs within the program.

With modules, developers can easily maintain the program as it gives more flexibility in maintenance and enhance it. Since the program code is easy to understand, maintenance will not be a problem. If there is a need to change the system, it will be done easily since the affected modules only will be modified. Enhancing the program may be done by adding modules for additional features or functionalities.

Generally, modular design helps programmers to build robust application. These were basically made to handle a program s intricacy. Applications that process real-world problems are very complex in structure. With such complexity, there s really a need to practice modular programming in order to resolve such.

Information and communication technology (ICT) is an important aspect of the American society, because it improves and revolutionize the easy flow of information and provides accessible form of communication for the people. The most important and most visible component of ICT in the country is the cellular phone, as many Americans rely on such technology to communicate and connect with other people from different places across the country and all over the globe. Several companies have manufactured cellular phone products with different functions but have the same purpose of making communication faster, which is a sign of good and sturdy innovation. Socially, cellular phone matters a lot, as it enables the American people to connect and communicate with each other, regardless of time and space differences. The present study will focus on identifying the social impact made by the cellular phones from 1990s to present in terms of dependency on cellular phones, impact on geographic and time differences, changes in costs for sending SMS and making calls, reasons for using the cellular phones and basis for having a cellular phone among Americans aged 15 to 40 years old. Communication patterns will be measured based on the answers of American students and professionals.

The topic is chosen based on the significance placed on information and communication technology in the country. More specifically, on the pattern of society s use of cellular phones such as that of dependency on cellular phones, impact on geographic and time differences, changes in costs for sending SMS and making calls, reasons for using the cellular phones and basis for having a cellular phone. The researcher would like to know whether people from 15 to 40 years old perceive a social impact with their communication patterns and to what degree. In addition to this, the differences and similarities brought about by age and generation will be pointed out. The researcher expects that some of the variables such as reasons for buying a cellphone, sending SMS, making calls, dependency on cellular phones, and impact on geographic and time differences can vary depending on the age and generation to which the respondents belong to.  Go beyond the statement and get to what this paper is going to be about, with specific attention to the critical thesis.