Technology

There are many reference management software packages available all over the world for all those people who are directly involved in writing reports and need to manage their work through citations. The endnote software package has been widely used, which helps many people in constructing, managing, and practicing their personal databases of bibliographical references, and composing a bibliography. Apart from that Endnote program has been designed to help researchers in the process of writing research paper, thesis or dissertation. Besides, this program will automate the creation with in-text references in APA, MLA, Harvard and other common writing formats.

There are many capabilities offered in this program which includes importing references through the keyboard or through the process of cutting and pasting. Moreover, Endnote itself acts as a database manager which can instantly search your personal reference database, classify them according to time and further move the references in new documents that are available in many styles which are customized depending on users preferences. On the other hand, Endnote program also performs the function of importing references that are stored from online available databases. It has greatly helped the researchers through group citations into libraries, supported with the file extension and an identical folder.

Moreover there are many ways of adding a reference to a library which includes manually, exporting, importing, and connecting from Endnote. This program offers the user a window which contains a dropdown menu that ultimately support in selecting the required references (newspaper, magazine, article, journal, legislation, etc.) and other fields including the general and specific kind of references. In general, users are allowed to export references to their Endnote libraries in many available bibliographic databases. This particular function facilitates the user to select various citations and emancipate the users from manually entering citations and abstracts.

Endnote XI is one of the most popular software used to develop and manage references. It has a lot of advantages which a report writer can avail while writing a report. These advantages are discussed as follows.

Endnote is usually integrated in Microsoft Word. The writer only needs to import the references to the endnote library, and then by using Endnote wizard, he can easily integrate these references into an essay or report. The writer can choose different referencing styles and many bibliographic designs to incorporate them into the report. One another advantage of Endnote is that it allows users to export references from online bibliographic databases. This also saves lot of time for the writer. Endnote helps writers to import references to a library, which than can be used to develop and maintain bibliographies. It is a very specialized kind of software which provides different kinds of referencing styles. It also helps in maintaining a record of references to use them in the future for references. All these references are stored in a special type of file with the extension .enl. These files can be created, copied, pasted or deleted like every other file. Endnote also provides built-in-templates for users. This helps writers to avoid developing and organizing layouts for bibliography. This helps in saving writers time from formatting.

One major disadvantage of Endnote is that it may not able to detect flaws in data if it is entered in the wrong way. For example, if you want to research some data of 3rd May, 2010, and if you write 2010 in the year field and 3rd May, 2010 in the date field, then Endnote will not be able to address this mistake and will show research results dated as 3rd May, 2010, 2010. Another disadvantage of using Endnote is that it cannot import BibTex files directly.

EndNote X1 provides time-saving enhancements that are tailored to how researchers work today. Users can now view all authors for a reference in the main list display, and organize up to 45 filesPDFs, graphics, PowerPoints and moreper reference using the file attachment field. Custom reference types can be exported and imported between computers easily, so users can transfer their personal settings between computers.

EndNote X1 also includes new and updated files for searching online resources, importing references and formatting bibliographies1,500 connections to online sources, 600 import filters and over 2,800 publishing styles. These and other improvements requested by students, researchers and scholarly writers make EndNote the favored reference management solution for millions worldwide. (Nancy Matus. 2007)

 There is no doubt that Endnote has been a great revolution in the field of technology which moves a step forward and provide various advantages to researchers who are constantly seeking these programs in order to facilitate their problems related to reports and papers referencing. Endnote is a user friendly software and one does not need to acquire any kind of training before starting using it. Endnote is a program that is being used by millions of researchers, librarian and students worldwide due to its various innovative features, which are introduced from time to time. Endnote is an extremely useful program, as long as the ostentatious stuff does not interfere with usefulness. The Endnote program is at the tipping point of functionality and it still considered in masses as a good job of formatting citations, Cite-While-You-Write and organizing reference, figures, and table lists.

Dreamweaver is a perfect tool for building world class websites and applications. It is very helpful for web designers, application developers and coders at all level. In Dreamweaver   CS4 there are total eight default layouts. These layouts are application developers, coders, designer, application developer plus, coder plus, designer compact, classic and dual screen. It helps in manipulating pixel perfection designs, crafting and building complex code, or to do both with grace and speed. Web professionals can easily arrange the workspace provided in this software to fit to their style and comfort. The improved facilities of Dreamweaver CS4 include live view of your page, improved CSS support, Photoshop smart objects, subversion integration, code hinting for Ajax and java script framework etc.

Live view
Cs4 provides you with a new live rendering mode. In this mode the changes you make in the coding are immediately reflected on the rendered display. This mode uses the open source rendering engine web kit. In this feature thus the brain of interactive coding works with the beauty of real world rendering to provide you the best and effective websites.

Photoshop smart objects
With this facility you can simply drag a Photoshop (PSD) image into Dreamweaver and it creates a smart object. A smart object is linked to its source file. The source code of the image and the instance on the web page are in synchronization. There is an indicator on the smart object. When any changes are made to source image, Dreamweaver takes a note of that and to update it you can click update from original icon in property panel thus updating your image on the web browser without opening Photoshop.

Related files and code navigator
This new feature helps you o manage your related files more efficiently. This feature displays all document associated with your current page. Changes made in the code in related files are directly reflected in design view.

Code hinting for Ajax and JavaScript framework
Dreamweaver cs4 provides advance code hinting functionality. Popular JavaScript framework such as jQuery, prototype and spry can be easily added due to the extended coding facility. The facility of Built in error detection helps you to write error free code for your website.

New user interface
The new user interface of creative suite 4 helps you to manage your work smarter and faster. You can stack or minimize your doc panels you can work in split code view which displays your code in two different sections. Workspace pull down list is provided in this suite to move quickly from one to the other workspace. There are many predesigned layouts available for your workspace and you can also customize your workspace.

Subversion integration
When you work on a project in collaborative environment there is a need to handle version control. For doing so there is Subversion software to handle version control. The CS4 provides subversion for file versioning, rollback and more. Once you are finished defining subversion as your version control system, you can update your site to get the latest version of its pages.

HTML data set support
The Dreamweaver CS4 provides easy accessibility and usage in the new features of the data set. With this advance feature you are able to create your data in a standard HTML table, a series of div tags, or even an unordered list. Then this data can be integrated into a dynamic table on the web page with sort able columns. There is a spry data set which works with XML files.

MD5
There should be a way to guarantee that the files, message, passwords received at the receivers end is complete and modified. The MD5 or the message digest 5 algorithm is one of the simplest and the quickest way to add security to message and files that you send and transfer. MD5 was developed by a professor of the MIT in 1991. His name was Ronald L. Rivest. The earlier hash function generator MD4 had some flaws in its design and was not providing enough security, hence MD5 was designed. This algorithm calculates a hash value i.e. the digest of any message, text, password or files.  This hash value generated works as a fingerprint for the text or the message on which you applied the MD5 algorithm. The length of the hash value generated is 128 bit. It is written as a character string of 32 hexadecimal digits. The MD5 algorithm is designed in such a way that it is not possible to produce two identical messages, text or password whose hash value will be the same. The Md5 algorithm thus is also used for comparing large amount of data based on the hash value generated.

Many people also think that MD5 is some kind of encryption software. MD5 is not encryption software but a hash value generator algorithm. Md5 is also used to verify the integrity of a file or a string.

Algorithm
The MD5 takes variable length message or text as data input and provides with a fixed length output of 32 hexadecimal digits. The input message is broken into fixed length block of 512 bits. If in last block bits are remaining then padding is doe so that the complete length of the message or text becomes divisible by 512. The processing of these blocks is then done in four stages. In every stage some kind of function is applied on each block of the message. These functions are non linear functions.  After non linear functions, modular addition is done on these blocks. After this step of modular addition rotation of bits is done. Finally the hash key corresponding to these bits are generated.

Example
Consider that a hash value has to be generated for a password. When the password is entered by the user the length of the password will be checked.  Depending upon the length of the password necessary padding will be done so as to make the length of the password divisible by 512. The padded message block will pass from four rounds of processing. This processing will include non linear functions, arithmetic and logical operations, shifting and rotating of bits etc.  At last the hash value will be generated based on these processing.

How does it work
The sender first generates the hash value of the message, password or the data which it needs to send. Then he sends the message or text to the receiver.  The hash value generated is then conveyed to the receiver in separate message. On receiving the text from the sender, the receiver applies the MD5 algorithm again on the text received. If the hash value generate is same as the hash value send by the sender then the message is correct and not modified.

PHP
PHP stands for hypertext preprocessor.  PHP scripts are executed on the server. PHP is an open source technology.  It was created by Rasmus Lerdorf who worked for Linuxcare incorporation as a senior open source researcher. PHP supports many databases such as mySQL, Informix, oracle, Sybase, solid, postgreSQL , generic ODBC etc. PHP is platform independent software and works effectively for all major UNIX, LINUX and windows operating system. PHP was written specially for interacting with the web. PHP code is embedded directly into XHTML documents. The PHP code is inserted between opening and closing delimiters. For example php phpinfo() . Here  Is the opening delimiter and  is the closing delimiter.

Why PHP is used for this website
PHP is a scripting language and with the help of scripts you can add many interactive features to your website. These interactive features  like feedback forms, message boards , guest books, scrapbooks, counters and even more advance features like content management and advertising management becomes very easy with the use of PHP. PHP programs can be written in any text editor (notepad in windows). PHP is free open source software and it can be easily downloaded and used.

String processing and regular expressions
PHP process text data easily and effectively. It enables straight forward searching, substitution, extraction and concatenation of strings. Text manipulation is usually done with regular expressions i.e. a series of characters that serve as pattern matching templates in string, text files and databases. Relational operations (,,, ,,) can also be used to compare strings. For more powerful string comparisons there are ereg and preg_match functions. Function ereg uses portable operating system interface (POSIX).

PHP data types and variables
PHP variables are preceded by  special symbol. A variable is created automatically when it is first encountered by PHP interpreter. PHP provides capability to store data in arrays. Arrays are divided into elements that behave as individual variables.  Numbers are stored in platform dependent range. The range is of 32 bit signed integers. Floating point numbers are also stored in platform specific range.

Viewing clientserver environment variables
Knowledge of client execution environment is useful for system administrator who wants to provide client specific information. Environment variables contain information about a script environment such as the client web browser, the HTTP hosts and the HTTP connection information. PHP stores the environment variables and their values in the global array.

PHP cookies
Cookies maintain state information for a particular client who uses a web browser. Cookies are often used to record user preferences or other user related information that will be retrieved during clients visit to a website. On server side cookies can be used to track info about client activity. The data stored in the cookies is send back to the web server from which it originated whenever the user requests a web page from that particular server.

PHP sessions
There exits a relationship between session and cookies. They somewhat serve the same purpose up to some extent. Sessions are means to track and store data for a user while he travels from page to page on your website. Sessions are started with the help of session_start () function.  A random session id is generated by this function. Information for a session is stored in session variables.

Apart from these features many other features like form and data control, file system related operations, error handling, logic flow etc are provided by the PHP. All these valuable features are the reasons why PHP is becoming so popular among website developers.

The internet has been a huge boon for most people as it opened new doors of cooperation and sharing of information of all people from all countries. However, the increased access to the same near unlimited sources are also causing new problems to surface, like breach of privacy, newer and arguably more dangerous delivery methods of criminal activity, the glorification and objectification of senseless violence and perversion to name a few. But this fast, free and flowing exchange of information has brought havoc to the music and movie industries in the form of copyright infringement. The fast pace of the improvements of computer and internet technology has given people more options to deal with entertainment, from music to movies. One of these technologies is what people and IT experts call Peer-to-Peer file sharing protocol, and one of the most common and prevalent is BitTorrent, which is used to activate Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing protocols when large files are concerned. In 2009, it is estimated that in 43 of all internet traffic, BitTorrent is involved directly or indirectly (torrentfreak.com, 2009).

In Australia, a recent case involving Internet Service Provider (ISP) iiNet is directly responsible for copyright infringement of all its users, according to a coalition of 34 applicants (which includes media giants Warner Bros., Disney, Universal, Paramount, Roadshow, Sony, and 20th Century Fox) led and represented by the Australian Federation Against Copyright Theft (AFACT). AFACTs role was primarily to collect evidence, but their relationship with their high-profile is unclear. AFACT claimed that in using the internet services offered by iiNet, people are committing acts of copyright infringement (crikey.com, 2010) The case did show some truths about the internet users of Australia, as people are committing copyright infringement, but the numbers are lower than expected nor claimed by AFACT. In addition, the case dismissed the claim made by AFACT that the ISP iiNet is directly responsible for the transfer of copyrighted material, as the court found out that the P2P file sharing protocols are mainly being done via BitTorrent, wherein iiNet is just a means where BitTorrent can be used, hence the junking of the case against iiNet. The court said that iiNet is a legitimate facility for communication, and being a facility for communication, is not primarily designed and created to break copyright.
 
Who are the people behind the scenes of this case, what were their perspectives and what were they fighting for What interests do they have in this case Beginning with the policy problem, from one perspective this can look like a run-off-the-mill copyright infringement case, but this can have a global impact and significance, as it can determine the kind of internet that people use. Internet users around the world enjoy a near-unlimited amount of freedom in their internet access, and any form of repression and censorship is a major debate. China actively censors websites, which conflicts with search engine Googles ethos of freedom (the companys motto is Dont be evil.) that led to the companys pull out of the Chinese market just recently. Its more of a question that should the internet be restrained, controlled, and at times censored or should the vast sources of information be kept open and free to all

First among the stakeholders of the iiNet case is of course the ISP, iiNet. The ISP is Australias third largest, and is, from the courts words A legitimate communication facility (Australian Federal Court, 2010). They are mainly motivated by profit and the continuation of their services to the people in the form of internet. This is a primary stakeholder, as the result of the case can directly lead to a positive or a negative outcome. If iiNet lost, this can mean a termination of their operations, and could have a domino effect on the ISPs present in Australia. A victory (which ultimately happened) can ensure the continued operation of the ISP, as well as the continuation of their service as a means of communication via the internet. Their role in information policy is mainly on feedback to policymakers, as ISPs tend to maximize their offerings to the paying public by offering higher bandwith, easier, more reliable connections, and of course a freer environment for internet users to do their business. A heavily moderated ISP would not have as much customers (and profits) compared to a more open, full-speed-ahead ISP.

The next stakeholder would definitely be the AFACT and the people behind the lawsuit. Much like the ISP, the AFACT represents the interests of the entertainment and media companies that chose to side with AFACT to pursue a legal case against iiNet. They are also wary of the profits they lose due to copyright infringement, and in this case instead of going after individuals who practice infringement, decided to go for the source the ISP. Both stakeholders are primarily driven by profit, but both have different means AFACTs backers offer goods and services mainly for entertainment, like music and movies, while iiNets profits are driven by people who use the internet as a means of communication and information exchange. Like the ISP, its contribution to information policy is on feedback, with the addition of initiatives to protect their interests and intellectual properties by the force of law.

The next stakeholder is the people behind the technology BitTorrent. Primarily known as a file sharing protocol over the internet, people are using BitTorrent technology to circumvent the traditional means of enjoying entertainment like going to record bars or going to movie theaters. People will defend BitTorrent as a legitimate information-sharing tool, while the industries will denounce it as a pirates best friend. The implications to policy will be to how will the developers of BitTorrent handle the situation, will they comply to the rule of law or exploit more loopholes in the existing policies. BitTorrent is distributed for free, and in a way it embodies the spirit of the internet a huge ocean of information that one can freely fish.

The last stakeholder is the internet user. It is the person who uses the internet that really matters. Whether the person uses the internet to study or copy movies and music for free, the internet user always has the last say. The internet user has the capability to influence policy by the way the user uses the internet. A heavily regulated internet can bring users together to find loopholes, much like what BitTorrent is claimed to do by AFACT and their supporters. The internet user has many interpretations of the use of the internet, and its by their interpretation that dictates how they use it. A user has the capability to influence providers and companies by desiring better and cheaper services. They have the capability to push internet technology and the  freedom to go whatever site they use. The individual interest of the individual user of the internet is a potent force in policy.

Embrace transhumanism

Introduction
Transhumanism is a school of thought that believes in proper use of science and technology to enhance human physical and mental capabilities. This idea basically refuses to be patient with human evolution choosing instead to hasten and even go beyond the potential of evolution in the search for a better human being. To the transhumanist, death, disability and disease do not have to be part of the human beings life they should be eliminated. By seeking to create a human being with such enhanced capabilities, transhumanism envisions a superhuman being and for that reason, this movement has also been referred to as posthuman.

Currently, animal evolution is guided by adaptation to the environment. This was captured by Charles Darwins origin of species in which he postulated the natural selection theory (survival for the fittest). For the posthumanist however, the idea is to enhance the human being using technologies available such as nanotechnology, computer science and robotics, and thus, the transhumanist seeks to circumvent evolution as the transformation mechanism for human nature.

Tranhumanism has received its fair share of criticisms as well accolades. Most of the criticism is from conservatives who view the attempt to enhance human capabilities using technology as a usurpation of Gods role in human life. These are people who believe that life should be left to human nature. This paper begs to differ with them. Much as transhumanism is fraught with uncertainty, its opponents are only driven by fear of the unknown, in the process threatening the progress of a good idea.

Why support transhumanism

Equality
Firstly, transhumanism will bring about more equality to citizens of the world contrary to the arguments that it will create a genetic divide. Some of the technologies of interest to transhumanism include biotechnology, nanotechnology and cognitive science. A notable capability of this technology will be the production of designer babies. Yet this forms a basis for one of the central arguments advanced by critics of transhumanism that acceptance of the technology will lead to an emergence of a genetic haves and have-nots. Prima facie, their fears appear legitimate because one can only imagine the effect of rich people having the ability to determine the characteristic of their children while on the other hand, the poor are left to rely on fate.

This according to (Gale Group, 2004) may go against the declaration of independences assertion that all men are born equal. What this argument fails to acknowledge is that inequality already exists for the said men that are supposedly born equal. Laws and legislations will neither give the blind eyes to appreciate natures beauty, nor will they give the deaf ears to appreciate the morning sound of birds humming. In other words, legislations are limited and only appear to give ornamental rights that do not have a substantive impact on an individuals quality of life.

However, accepting transhumanism will pave way for adoption and improvement of technologies such as biotechnology. A good example is the cyborg given in (acceleratingfuture, 2009). The Cyborg given in that example is named Dr. Michael Chorost, a man born with severe hearing impediments but was given hearing aids that enabled him to get through schooling. This technology is known as cybernetics and although available for a long time, it stands a chance of further improvements should transhumanism be fully embraced. For now, the technology is only working for those with a small hearing capability, but it has the capacity to be used on those without any hearing capability if well developed.

Granted, inequality cannot be totally ruled out because it is an inherent feature of any capitalist system. However, it should be addressed by legislation and any other mechanism that is being used now to mitigate any inequalities. It is no different from the rest. It will be wrong to gag an idea that would bring so much relief to a marginalized group of citizens for fear of it being unavailable to everyone. In any case, there is a huge possibility that prohibiting the technology might lead to emergence of a black market that will further aggravate the very inequalities being fought.
Ethics

(Bostrom) defines the transhumanist as one who believes that use of science and technology responsibly will lead to posthumanism. Transhumanists are the people that determine the guiding philosophy for transhumanism and for that reason it is worth noting the words responsible use as used in the definition. Indeed there are ethical challenges to the technology but those should be dealt with by social policies and legislations.

An example of a transhumanist technology that faces this kind of criticism is genetic engineering or enhancement. In particular, the ability of parents to determine the sex and other attributes of their babies, according to many of the opponents of the technology, will lead to disappearance of many of the values that human nature holds dear now. According to (majorityrights, 2009), some of the values that will be lost include appreciation of talent, everybodys uniqueness and concern for the less fortunate.

The enhancements will not be a onetime occurrence in which there will be a sudden change in human nature the changes will take place gradually during which time, there will be time for people to adjust to the changes. More importantly, the authorities will have the opportunity to decide what to accept and what not to accept because the government will still be there to play its regulatory role. This is consistent with suggestion by (Bostrom) that proper ethics will be realized by the societys action in determining the technologies to adopt and reject.

Ultimately, the question of ethics will depend on the government and transhumanism cannot be blamed for any erosion of ethics that may occur due to its adoption. In fact according to  (McNamee  Edwards, 2006), transhumanism will present an opportunity for humans to model their morals in line with their intellectual capacities in contrast with the current situation, which appears to derive morality from human fears and vulnerabilities.

Quality of human life
Human life is a function of both length and quality whereby good quality is characterized by a long healthy life. As noted earlier, transhumanist technologies have the potential of increasing ones lifespan by getting rid of diseases and even death. However, in addition to it increasing ones life, it also does increase the quality of life. These technologies are already in use but they have not been used to create an immortal human as advocated by the transhumanists.

Its effects on the quality of human life are already notable. Cyborg is an example of technology currently in use that has improved human life. This technology has been used for purposes of helping those with hearing and vision impairments. The technology incorporation in to their bodies is camouflaged in such a manner that is becomes impossible for one to differentiate them from other people. These people are known as cyborgs and carry on their normal duties hardly betraying any hint of disability.

There are medical chips that can be implanted on to a humans body to track particular a particular disease or condition to prevent it from proceeding beyond certain levels. Diabetes, for example, can be checked by inserting a chip in to a patients body and connecting it to a doctors computer. This will enable the doctor to monitor the blood sugar for the patient and take any necessary steps if it goes beyond certain concentrations. Genetic enhancements can also be used to prevent disabilities by genetically screening embryos for disability genes. This has already been described as an inequality reducing measure, but in addition to that, the intervention improves a persons quality of life.

Allergies and disease vulnerabilities may also be dealt with by getting rid of genes that cause people to be susceptible to attacks of the particular ailments. Moreover, people may acquire talents by having genes responsible for them in other people being introduced in to the body system. Gene therapy represents endless possibilities including identification and isolation of genes responsible for criminal tendencies.

A further improvement in the medical application can be found in the application of molecular nanotechnology. It allows for macro manufacturing with micro precision (acceleratingfuture, 2009).  Medically, this technology is applied by using nanodevices to perform surgeries and heal wounds without the need for surgery. That would simplify medical procedures and allow for wounds to heal faster.

Quality of life can also be improved by use of non human entities to carry out duties that the humans may find unpleasant to do. (acceleratingfuture, 2009) gives an example of replicating robots. These robots may be used to carry out duties such as cleaning the house, cutting grass and other duties that to the normal human may be unpleasant to do. This will then free the human being to carry out more intelligent duties such designing more value addition activities. Alternatively, it may afford one the opportunity to engage in recreational activities.

It is clear from the foregoing that the quality of life under transhumanism will be of a much higher quality compared to the current state. Additionally, the human intellectual faculties can be modified to change the cognitive and perceptive tendencies. This way, the mind can be better controlled and the whole matter of well being taken care of. That means, on top of the physical wellness being improved, psychological state of a person is greatly improved. Feelings such as moodiness, anger, happiness and other subjective reactions can be better controlled, further leading to an improved life quality.

Environmental changes
The past century has seen a very rapid transformation of the earths environmental conditions. Increased human population and purchasing power has taken consumerism to levels that could not have been envisioned by the 19th century economists.  (Veizer 2002) predicts a global temperature rise of between 1.5 and 5.5 degrees Celsius in the next century. In the past, such changes in temperature took a very long time and were even classified as evolutionary periods lasting millions or billions of years. Many other changes will happen as a result of this temperature change that will adversely affect the way humans and animals live.

Already the effects are visible from the increased regularity of natural disasters. However, these are occurring without the temperature increase having reached the peak as unabated greenhouse gases choke the atmosphere. The problem is that these changes are occurring within very short periods that cannot be referred by the evolution scientists as evolutionary periods. It is not possible that by 2100 the human body will have evolved to withstand such a drastic increase in temperature. In addition, this increase is bound to bring about an interference of the carbon water cycle, which, according to geologists is the story of life because carbon and water interchange determines life for most living organism (Veizer, 2002).

The idea is not to confine speculation within the next century but give it an infinite consideration. Given the current rate of environmental degradation, it will not be surprising that in less than three centuries to come, the earth will be inhabitable to the human being with the current physical and mental capabilities. This, unlike the fear by the conservatives is not inspired by desire to stick to the beaten path there is history and predictive trends to support it. History shows that dinosaurs became extinct due to the inability to cope with changing environment while on the other hand the current trends show that temperature changes will result in drastic changes within the next few years.

The human body does not have time to adapt to these changes within such a short time. There are two choices adapt the human body to the changes or change the way in which human business is carried out, which means reducing activities producing the effects. The latter has proven hard to implement because of the economic and social effects of reducing economic activity. It would be more realistic to look into ways of reducing negative reaction of the human body towards climate and environmental change. So far, the world leadership has failed to agree and there are no signs that any of them will agree on how to curb climate change. Transhumanism can be used both as an alternative or complementary measure. Technology is the cause of the current state of affairs and it is only fair for it to be used in mitigation of its negative attributes.

Increased functionalities
A person in the transhumanist world will have increased capabilities both mentally and physically. The current human being is very limited in capability compared to the person envisioned by the transhumanists. If one were to consider the number of mysteries yet to be solved or certain physical undertakings that are yet to be achieved by the human body, then a clearer picture of the limits imposed by the mental and physical capabilities emerges. For instance, two weaknesses should suffice the inability of the human being to breathe at certain atmospheric pressure and the number of scientific mysteries that have never been solved. Embracing transhumanism will increase these capabilities.

Already, technologies are signaling that in future manipulation capabilities of human intelligence will be greatly enhanced going by the current developments. One such development according to (Bioethicsanddisability ) happened in 2004, when two couples had their nervous systems linked. The linking may have been done for purposes of pure research but it nevertheless gave an angling of possibilities that come with technology. It may be possible, for example, to put a persons brain on a computer and compare it with that of another person.

Artificial intelligence may also be improved by brain prosthesis. A person who has undergone severe brain damage can be helped by being given an artificial brain. There is no limit on the source of the brain it may be from an animal that has been modified or it may be totally artificial. The brain may be replaced in part or as a whole. The bottom line is that no persons survival should be tied to the brain. As things stand now, the brain is an indispensible part of the human body, meaning that any damage to it spells doom for the human being. The best that can be done is brain surgery and that too has its risks of failure. Brain prosthesis will eliminate the need for surgery and anyone who has a brain damage will get a replacement.

The same goes for people with mental problems. If someone is born with a brain that has limited capabilities, such a person may be given another brain at infanthood. One area that a social policy may be needed would be in such an area. One of the fears listed before is that transhumanist technologies may lead to inequalities. However, the government may have a policy that no human being should live with a brain that has a capacity below a specified minimum. As soon as a child is born, the brain will be tested and if it below the specified capacity, a new one is given. In addition, the policy may be that the government-issued brain cannot go beyond a certain capacity.

Apart from mental, physical capabilities can also be enhanced. The resilience of the human body can be enhanced so that duties that have to date proved impossible for the human being to perform can be done. This is a matter of genetic modification so that ones body can withstand greater physical extremes. A human beings genetic make-up can be modified to have bodies with greater tolerance to temperature variations unlike the current bodies, which withstand a very limited thermal range. This will remove the limits that exist for people who, for example, cannot survive in the deserts or in the poles where temperatures are extremely low.

Conclusion
Transhumanism has shown endless possibilities in as far as human capabilities are concerned. To restate it again, the opponents of transhumanism are guided by their fear for the unknown. There is no credible basis for rejecting the idea altogether because even transhumanists themselves share the concerns, only that for them that does not mean abandoning such a good idea. To them, it is a sign that the idea needs more attention and brainstorming.

Anti-transhumanism agents appear to believe that accepting it will lead to a fortnight change in human nature so that there will be no time for the human being to adopt to the new world that will be created by the idea. Most definitely there will be a change in how business is carried out because the world will be dealing with a more intelligent and physically stronger human being. But, this is the same human being that will be running the government because everyone will have equal access to any of the benefits brought about by the adoption of the technology.

Social inequities will also have to be there. The world is largely capitalistic and as is the case with that, inequality has to be present. Reasonable inequality has been identified as one of the motivating factors towards hard work for people living in a capitalist environment. The argument is that in trying to narrow the wealth gaps people will work hard, something that will increase production and wealth of a people. Similarly, it can be expected that services available in the transhumanist world will be reason enough for people to work hard.

However, as is the case now, there has to be some socialist policy that will ensure that essential technology is available to everyone so that people are left to work hard to acquire that which will be classified as luxury. The government, for example, may make it mandatory for hospital to offer the genetic screening of all embryos to ensure that children born to any parents, regardless of their socio economic status, have a threshold of certain traits. It will then be up to the parents to decide whether they would like go ahead and acquire extra features for their child such as brain prosthesis to enhance their ability to discern colors.

Alternatively, they may ask the child to work hard so that in future he or she can afford brain prosthesis. That is an example of how a transhumanist world economy will operate in terms of medical services. The other features of a modern economy will remain the same, meaning that they will be dictated by demand and supply.

Integrating school district technology as a part of the teacher communication experience, with the shared educators and the rest of the academic community is an effective way of using technology within a region (NCREL, 1998).

Technology Plan
The database already has all information (e.g. TID, name and surname) of the teachers and will be used solely for administrative purposes. The district office will provide the teachers with the email id and password. This same method will also be used to ensure usage of the email particularly when collecting responses to the surveys that will be distributed. To log in using your Email, follow the instructions below

1. Go to httpwww.santaritaschools.org
2. Click Staff Information.
3. Click Remote email (Sendmail)
4. Enter the email address
5. Type the password provided to you by the district office.

Conducting surveys will be interactive. Once you sign in thru the Email, you will find a link which you need to click in order to participate to the survey. The link should be the one directed to Surveymonkey.com.

Please be reminded that this cannot be changed or altered and it is important to keep your Email address and Password secured for administrative purposes such as tracking online activities especially when surveys are conducted. The responses on the survey will be collected automatically. Make sure to finish the survey on time and well keep tracking the respondents. Additional follow up reminders will be given if necessary.

Moreover, the interface is illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Please enter your email address and passwordEmail Address HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTMLText.1 Password HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTMLPassword.1  HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTMLSubmitbutton.1
If teachers have encountered any problem, and if they needed any further assistance, feel free to call the district office and look for Mark Young.

Network routing protocols, either static or dynamic is a matter of choice and both underscore the process of transmission of information from a point source to another and being affected by host of factors before effective delivery. The aim of this presentation is to highlight the major differences and similarities that may exist between the two Routing protocols.

In routing protocols certain terms are quite important because they influence effective transmission. One of these terms or factor is the packets, others include network layer or path destination. All denote certain features which must be in place before effective network transmission through available routers. important consideration as regards to routing protocols are the presence of specific algorithm for each routing protocols and have different design objectives such as optimality, simplicity and low overhead, robustness and stability (Levchenko, Voelker, Paturi  Savage, 2008).

Path determination helps identify the best path for a packet to travel while routing algorithms are designed for specific goals and protocols to be used for hence different routing algorithm possess different characters and impact on the network. Packet switching describes a process whereby information failed to be transmitted is dropped while destination is changed until there is effective transmission. This paper clearly establishes the reasons why a user tends to prefer a specific type of routing protocols. This was found to be dependent on various requirements of the network and the preference of the user even though each protocols has its merits and demerits.

From the study, one important factor that usually determines and influences the use of static routing is the issue of manual manipulation of the protocol requirement in that most of the input is done manually while algorithm is calculated manually. This characteristic of static routing makes it highly demanding and less fault tolerant and lack the ability to dynamically or automatically select the best available alternative route for packet transmission. This property will directly and indirectly limit it use in situation where there are recurrent fluctuations and the demand of dynamic network being developed in recent times. In contrast, dynamic routing protocols, process information continuously hence able to choose another path which could be better than the former.

 This feature present in the dynamic routing protocols balance between multiple available links. Considering the two routing protocols, what distinguishes them are the CPU or RAM usage. CPU or RAM usage is more in the dynamic routing protocol making it more intensive resource intensive compared to the static routing protocols. Path determination, related metrics, convergence and load balancing all create certain issues that need more clarification. Metrics serve an important purpose in the determination of destination especially when there are multiple routes (Cain, 2000).

Considering some of the features highlighted as regards to dynamic and static routing protocols, users tend to believe more on the actions of dynamic routing protocols compared to static protocols but it very important that there are various networks demands or requirement for various scenario and routing protocols fits into different category depending on the features network and expectation of the user as regards to the size of the networks. It is clear that the technology also plays an essential role in the choice of routing protocols but others are also very important.

Allergy is a body disorder that is related to the immune system. Allergy is commonly referred to as atopy a condition experienced in a sensitized person minutes after contact. It is a sensitivity reaction to certain allergens or an abnormal immune system reaction to things which are actually harmless to most people.

An allergic reaction is believed to occur when the immune system of the body mistakenly believes that a substance in contact to your body is harmful to the body. The substance causing allergy reactions are dust, foods, plant pollen or even medicine. All these that cause allergies are known as allergens. The bodys immune system produces the kind of antibodies called IgE to that allergen which cause certain cells in the body to release chemicals into the bloodstream such as histamine. The chemical, histamine acts on the eyes, nose lungs, throat, skin or gastrointestinal tract and this causes the symptoms that reflect an allergic reaction. Such symptoms are Sneezing, cramps, vomiting, running nose, itchy eyes, difficulty in breathing, severe headache, itching on the skin and many more.

Some allergic reactions can be very severe and others mild while others would produce multiple symptoms. The severe reaction is called anaphylaxis and the signs of such intense case include difficulty in breathing, difficulty in swallowing, swelling of lips, tongue and other parts of the body and other victims would experience dizziness or loss of consciousness. Anaphylaxis often occurs just after exposure, a few minutes the symptoms starts revealing after the trigger substance. However, some reactions would take a little more time an average of 3-4 hours although such severe cases do not occur frequently and they would often be treated with availability of proper medical procedures.

ALLERGY DIAGNOSIS
Symptoms and signs can certainly give a strong indication that a person is indeed suffering from allergies although various tests are required to ascertain and confirm a diagnosis. The testing depends on the type of allergic disease in question.

Atopic Dermatitis
This is a long lasting chronic skin disease and it is believed to be affecting large percentage of the population. The atopic dermatitis is called eczema, dermatitis or atopy the three terms are often used in reference of the same disease. It is a common form of skin disease or sensitivity.  It includes asthma, hay fever and eczema although there is a hereditary form of that seen in some families whose predominant factors include skin rashes and itching. DERMATITIS means inflammation of the skin ATOPIC refers to hereditary diseases that tend to run in family kinship and occur together. In atopic dermatitis, dry skin is a rampant symptom and an underlying cause of some of the typical rashsymptoms. The skin is extremely itchy and inflamed causing swelling, cracking, crusting, redness, weeping, and scaling. Most Atopic is more in infants and young children although it can affect persons of any age.

A large number of patients tend to have long term causes and various challenges and this can persist from childhood or later show up in adult life. Multiple factors can trigger or worsen dermatitis such as environmental factors which would activate the symptoms at any time of lives of individuals who have inherited the atopic disease trait. Such environmental factors include exposure to hash soaps and detergents, new skin products or creams and cold weather. In Atopic dermatitis, no laboratory tests that can be used to diagnose it but rather a physician would examine a patients history and review her symptoms.

Diagnosing Atopic Dermatitis
Allergies
The person must have allergies and at least one positive skin test and or a family history of allergic diseases in close relatives. However, there may be rare cases in which a person has atopic dermatitis without evidence of allergies but in most witnessed cases it is picked from family traits.

Eczema
Eczema refers to appearance of rashes in patients with atopic dermatitis. The rash appears red, with small blisters or bumps. These may ooze or flake with further scratching. Over the long-term, the skin appears thickened and leathery.

Itching
The patient must experience itching and has to be scratching in order for the rash to occur. In cases where the skin or areas of the rash do not itch or have not been scratched, then the person does not have atopic dermatitis. So the predominant factor here is that the patient suffering from atopic dermatitis has to expressly experience both itching and a prolonged severe scratching.

People suffering from atopic dermatitis should have a skin test performed to aeroallergens (pollens, moulds, dust mite and pet dander) as well as common food allergens hence avoiding common triggers is one important step involved in treatment of Atopic Dermatitis.

Difference of Atopic Dermatitis and eczema
Eczema has been used as a general term to refer many types of skin inflammation commonly known as dermatitis and allergic types of skin rashes that are not eczema. The known eczemas are allergies, contact irritant, and nummular eczema. Atopic Dermatitis is more specific and it includes three associated conditions that occur in the same person including eczema, allergies, and asthma. However, not every component has to be present at the same time, but in many cases, patients are prone to all of these three related conditions.

Atopic dermatitis is very common worldwide and it affects both sexes i.e. male and female and it accounts for 10 percent of all referrals to doctors who specialize in the care of treatment of skins (dermatologists). The condition occurs in infants and its prevalence decreases with age with about 65 percent of patients developing symptoms on first year of life with 90 percent showing symptoms before the age of 5. After the age of 30, it is then less common although it would occur after exposure of the skin to hash environmental conditions with people living in urban areas with a climate of low humidity being at risk of developing atopic dermatitis.

FOOD ALERGY
There is a varied understanding on reactions that involves food either when consumed or when a person comes into contact with certain foods. Not all reactions towards food would be registered as an allergic reaction. That emphasizes the reason why there should be a probe distinction between allergic reactions and other forms of reactions that are not related to allergy at all.

Food allergy is that negative reaction that happens to the body of a person after specific food particles are ingested and enter the blood stream. The food components when they enter the blood stream, they cause what we call an incitement of an allergic reaction to the body. The foods contain protein components called allergens that are proteins in composition and this form of protein are able to resist the heat during cooking, acid in the stomach and some intestinal digestive enzymes. The allergens are then able survive and cross the gastrointestinal lining and enter the blood stream. When in the blood stream, they get into target organs of the body causing an allergic reaction to that organ e.g. eyes, throat, nose, skin and many other organs. The reaction of the body to such allergens involves the body immune system and the factor of hereditary.

Immune system
Food allergic reaction involves two components of immune system i.e. the type of protein which is an antibody called Immunoglobulin E IgE a specific disease-fighting antibody which circulates in the blood system. The body system produces this antibody which then circulates in the body and reacts against specific food substances. A persons ability to produce Immunoglobulin E is based on inheritance from the family of either parent with allergic reaction.  This antibody Immunoglobulin E then attaches itself to the mast cells which are often found in allergic body organs thus causing an allergic reaction.
The other component is the cell that is found in the tissues of the body called a mast cell. This type of cell is always found in body areas such as nose, throat, lungs, skin and gastrointestinal tract where allergic reactions are bound to take place.

Hereditary
A persons body to have a tendency of producing Immunoglobulin IgE to food is arguably inherited. Statistics show that a large number of people over 80 percent of those suffering with allergic conditions have inherited it from their families who bore them. A person from both parents suffering from allergic reactions is more likely to develop food allergies than someone with one allergic parent. That is the reason why medical physicians argue basing their argument on the prevalence on both parents as a more likely prevalence than that of one parent.

The allergy of food is a hypersensitivity reaction this means that before an allergic reaction to an allergen in food can take place, a person needs to have been exposed previously through sensitization of food. At the initial exposure, the allergen in that given food stimulates specialized white blood cells (lymphocytes) to produce the IgE antibody that is specific for the allergen. This IgE then is released and attaches to the surface of the mast cells in different tissues of the body. The next time the person eats that food its allergen hones in on the specific IgE antibody on the surface of the mast cells and prompts the cells to release chemicals such as histamine. Depending upon the tissue in which they are released, these chemicals cause the various symptoms of food allergy in respective organs of the body such as lungs, nose, eyes and many other parts of the body as indicated by A.D.A.M (2009) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases(online) available from  HYPERLINK httpadam.about.comcareallergyallergy_reactions.html httpadam.about.comcareallergyallergy_reactions.html

There have been myths about various body effects that local folks have gone calling allergies. Most people when they experience some sort of side effect or unpleasant reaction they tend to call it allergy but let it be known that not all unpleasant reactions would amount to allergy. Very minimal cases of children and adult are clinically proven to be allergy conditions.

The perception people tend to have on allergy outside the professional studies on the same is misinterpretation of between food intolerance with adverse effects with that of clinical allergy. Effects from phenomenon such as food poisoning, toxic reactions from food intolerances and other abnormal responses to foods which can or more less resemble those of food allergy would not still amount to allergies. Allergy cases are and must be determined by that immune system and reveal certain characteristics and features with specific symptoms that are immunological in body response.

Food Intolerance
Digestive system response to certain foods has been construed to be food allergy but clinical fact files draw a line between the two. Food intolerance occurs when a persons digestive or when a persons digestive systems response towards certain food is experiences a breakdown a digestion failure. Such common case of intolerance is found in lactose found in milk and other dairy products.

Symptoms of Food Intolerance
Known symptoms of food intolerance include
Nausea and sweating
Stomach pain leading to diarrhoea
Gas, cramps, or bloating after eating certain foods
Vomiting after eating
Heartburn and belching
Diarrhoea
Headaches and bloating of the stomach
Irritability or nervousness

Food intolerance is associated with lack of enzymes to digest certain food compounds which could result to adverse reactions following consumption of certain foods, this is more appropriately termed asfood intolerance and not food allergy, it should be noted that food allergy involves the immune body system and its response.

Symptoms of a Food Allergy
We have talked previously on food allergy and the causative agent and the immune body reaction that leads to a person construed to be having a food allergy. Now, unlike food intolerance, a patient with allergic food reaction would observe the following symptoms which would range from mild to severe effects and this depends on the intensity of trigger and the immune response of a persons body. These symptoms include-
Rash or hives
Nausea
Stomach pain
Diarrhoea
Itchy skin
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Swelling of the airways to the lungs
Anaphylaxis
Analysis

Observing on the two cases and there examples of the symptoms, one would confuse a food intolerance to that of food allergy. Some of the symptoms are shared between the two such as vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea and stomach pain. Nearly every person at one time has had a food intolerance issue with something they ate while some people are known to be having specific food intolerances which is not an allergy. Lactose intolerance is the leading food intolerance that affects almost 10 percent of United States Population.

The chain reaction of Food Allergies and Intolerances
Food allergies arise from ingestion of food of sensitive chemical compounds which are proteins in composition. The protein makes the bodys immune system to fight back to protect the body by producing antibodies immunoglobulin E commonly referred to as IgE and other powerful chemicals such as histamine. The histamine is so powerful such that, it can affect the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, skin or cardiovascular system. This results to food allergy symptoms occurring in the body. The allergy symptoms discussed earlier on the body depends on where the histamine has been released. A release on nose a patient would have an itchy nose or trouble breathing or swallowing, if released on skin there would be rashes and hives on the skin and in case of a release in the gastrointestinal tract then a victim would develop stomach cramps, pains and diarrhoea.

DIAGNOSIS AND IMMUNOTHERAPY
The diagnosis and immunotherapy applied in recent years to allergic diseases entails crude extracts of allergen source without necessarily defining allergyeliciting molecules. The combination of advanced technology of DNA has resulted in identification, cloning, epitope mapping of clinically significant allergens more possible. The allergens that retain immunological features of natural allergens form the clinical breakthrough of accurate protein-chip based method for the diagnosis of allergic conditions in patients. With the ability to propagate rationally designed hypo-allergic forms of allergens as lead to the development to a safe form of allergy vaccines which have been tested and found to be efficient. The preparations and clinical tests from a recombinant-allergen-based vaccine have already shown positive results and now the emphasis is to derive alternative routes of vaccine delivery which will enhance patient compliance.

Food Allergy Diagnosis
Stephen Barrett, M.D. Many dubious practitioners claim that food allergies may be responsible for virtually any symptom a person can have. In support of this claimwhich is falsethey administer various tests purported to identify offending foods, Allergies Dubious Diagnosis and Treatment. Jan 15 2010.The scientific clinical study shows that there is far difference between allergies and otherwise that people perceived allergies turn out to food intolerance.

Cytotoxic Testing
The test was in late 1980s being used by storefront clinics, laboratories, nutrition consultants, chiropractors, and medical doctors and was believed to determine food sensitivity which was then believed to be liable for diseases such as asthma, arthritis, constipation, diarrhoea, hypertension, obesity, stomach disorders and many of such conditions.

ELISAACT Testing
This was also a kind of test that was being used in locating allergies of which the symptoms showed within minutes after the ingestion of food or chemical. The symptoms included hitching and hives. This either proved unequal to the task in cases where some allergy symptoms delayed to about 2hours to 5 days and the symptoms varying from physical pain to unexplained fatigue.

Using ELISAACT Testing would assess a small portion of certain immune responses some of which might not necessarily be linked to allergy. The ELISAACT is done in culturing a patients lymphocytes and analysing on how they react to up to 300 foods, minerals, preservatives, and other environmental substances. After which the practitioner then recommends dietary modification and supplements.

PRESENT DIAGNOSIS AND IMMUNOTHERAPY
AEE and AEG
Food antigens have been implicated as one of the main cause of allergies
Skin prick test and atopy patch tests can be useful for food allergy diagnosis
Elimination diets or even amino-acid formula can be instituted on the basis of allergy testing, clinical history, biopsy and treatment response
Pharmacologic treatment oral steroids andor swallowed aerosolized (fluticasone) tablets
Anti-IL-5 therapy
Diagnosis (History and Examination)
The physician would reaffirm the following-
History symptoms, timing, reproducibility
Acute reactions on chronic disease
Diet details  and their symptom diary
Specific causal food or foods
Physical examination Evaluate disease severity
Identify general approach
Allergy against intolerance
IgE-mediated against non-IgE mediated

Diagnosing food hypersensitivity disorders  IgE-mediated
Identification and relationship with the food Medical history
To identify specific IgE Skin testsserum specific IgE
To demonstrate that IgE sensitization is responsible for the clinical reaction Controlled challenge tests
Diagnosis is based on the medical history, supported by identification of specific IgE antibodies to the selected pointed suspicious food allergen and confirmed by challenge.

TABLE (a)
Various Foods and their percentage rate in causing allergic reactions
Foods and DrinksAllergy effects in population () Alcohol5.4Legumes (beans)11.4Cereals11.4Fruits7.6Mushrooms2.7Tubers9.8Vegetables7.6Sea Foods14.7In the above table, Sea foods, cereals and Legumes such as beans largely show clinical symptoms in allergy effects.

TABLE (b)
Clinical Symptoms Caused by Floods
Organs affectedSigns and symptomsTotal ()Ear and Nose and Throat (ENT)Diminished hearing, painful, watery nose, sore throat1.2EyeBlurred and diminished vision1MouthMouth irritation, inflamed tongue and overall sour mouth1.2RespiratoryStruggling with breathing, catarrh, asthma, prolonged cough9.6CirculatoryImpairment of heart beat, palpitation of heart1.2The figures represent in the above shows people a percentage of people affected by the group of symptoms out of the total number.

Conclusion
In the stated metadata, fewer people seem to be affected in their body organs namely circulatory, eyes, mouth and Ear Nose and throat whereby the majority of them show more symptoms in their respiratory organ.

Most food that tend to affect or seem to be carrying allergic reaction in most people in the other hand contain nutrients which are fatal for the bodys health and development and in this case, an absolute abstinence would render the victims into malnutrition. This has led to people consuming such vital foods amid suffering continues allergic discomforts.

Food allergy should be recognized as a public health problem and be addressed as so and raise awareness to the public on the challenges and issues and how to best deal with the growing cases of allergies that are associated with foods.