Technology

Coal has been in use for hundreds of years as a source of energy by man. Apparently coal has been used for heating since the caveman. The new technologies invented during the industrial revolution provided coal with the real opportunity towards being the dominant worldwide supplier of energy due to the overwhelming need for energy. Mr. Watt, the inventor of the steam engine, used coal to power his engines which lead to coal being an important source of energy during the industrial revolution. Coal is formed as a result of decay of plants from primeval forests over a long time. It is less expensive than other energy sources and also one of the most abundant fuels. The United States has 25 of the worlds known coal reserves according to the National Center for Policy Analysis in Dallas, Texas. Traces of impurities like sulphur and nitrogen are found in coal. These substances are released into the atmosphere when coal burns thus creating acid rain. Coal burning also leads to carbon emission and eventually global warming. Emissions from coal burning are also known to cause respiratory diseases. Coal has the added disadvantage of being nonrenewablenon sustainable. Clean coal technology was started jointly by Canada and the US. Coal cleaning involves both simple and complex processes. Coal can simply be washed to get rid of pyritic sulfur. Smoke from burning coal can also be passed through flue gas desulfurization units that scrub away the sulfur from the smoke using limestone. Nitrogen oxides from nitrogen are taken care of by first preventing them from forming. This is achieved using staged combustion and catalysts. The fluidized bed boiler, yet another clean coal technology, eliminates sulfur and nitrogen oxides from coal by allowing limestone to mix with the coal and by burning at cooler temperatures respectively. The pressurized fluidized bed boiler is an improved version of the bed boiler. It has the capacity to spin a gas turbine and boil water for a steam turbine. Thus it is have two sources of electricity from the same fuel. Gasification of coal is the ultimate in clean coal technology. Impurities in sulfur are filtered out entirely. This technology also comes with the added advantage of using the hot combustion gases to spin a gas turbine and using the exhaust gases from the same turbine to heat water to steam and turn another type of turbine for even more electricity. With the above advances in coal technology, it is set to regain its stature as the worlds prime source for energy.

The Internet is a powerful learning tool that students of all ages may benefit from. As professionals and housewives join online universities, doctors and nurses use Personal Digital Assistants and nursing informatics that are based on the Internet not only to ease communicationbut also to access critical information. As a matter of fact, all professions that rely on ongoing education may benefit from the Internet. No longer is classroom education considered a necessity. Moreover, research findings have revealed that students are nowadays increasingly using the Internet as a fundamental study aid both inside and outside the classroom (Lenhart, Simon,  Graziano, 2001).
 In the year 2000, a study was conducted by Pew Internet  American Life Project to understand the benefits of the Internet in education. A total of 754 students between the ages, 12 to 17, were interviewed as part of the study. According to the findings, 94 of students were using the Internet to conduct school research, while 78 believed that the Internet truly assists them with school work. Additionally, 71 of the students reported that they were using the Internet as an important source for their school reports as well as projects. A total of 41 mentioned that they used the Internet to contact their classmates in addition to teachers with essential questions related to school work. What is more, 34 of the students reported that they had downloaded online study aids, while 58 reported their use of websites that had been set up especially for their schools or particular classes (Lenhart, Simon,  Graziano).
 I believe that more students must be using the Internet today.  Besides, the benefits of the Internet for students are not limited to teenagers. College and university students are similarly known to benefit from the Internet. I, too, am one of those fortunate students, and intend to go on using the Internet for lifelong learning.
Email Ethics at Work
     Certainly, electronic communication is superior to paper communication and word of mouth, its main advantage being speed.  Schedules and individual assignments are easily communicated by electronic means.  If, for example, a technical support team must deal with a matter urgently, email notifications are speedier for everybody to retrieve.  In fact, members of the team that are online could be reached instantly by email.  It may be chaotic without emails notifying staff to organize themselves according to the situation at hand.  What if a junior organizational member had to be sent to knock on each team members office door to call his or her attention to the problem at hand
     Although electronic messaging is meant to reduce organizational errors as staff receives updated information directly from managers  depending on the stresses faced by staff, it is quite likely for at least some of the communication to turn unprofessional, especially if there have been problems with schedules.  If an organizational issue goes bad and fiery words are exchanged by means of email, regardless of the nature of the problem it is bound to get worse as people react to online messages with speed and emotion, which is why face to face communication is considered superior in such situations (Vleck, 1995).  In professional emails, therefore, each member of the organization is required to mind his or her manners watch his or her tone be to-the-point or concise ask whether the receiver is willing to open attachments (unless the job at hand requires them to be sent) and check for spelling and grammar mistakes.  What is more, personal email communication may consist of emotions or even emoticons, which professional communication must not consist of (McKay, 2009).  In short, it is work ethic that matters most in organizational emails.  I hope I never forget to observe this rule in my professional life.  
Business Made Easy with Business Intelligence Software
     I feel honored to be enjoying the Information Age, and look forward to my professional life with amazing application software to work with.  One of the technological breakthroughs is the business intelligence software.  Business intelligence refers to activities undertaken by a business to gather essential information about its competitors or the market.  Business intelligence systems, on the other hand, tend to be interdepartmental information gatherers.  With an emphasis on speedy retrieval of information, these technologies rely on data fed into them by data gatherers to relay to departments that require this information.  But, these systems may also perform the data mining function on their own before crunching that data in a highly efficient manner.  For example, business intelligence software may be designed to gather important information about competitors (McGuigan, 2009).  Likewise, this technology makes it possible for the business to predict future scenarios with predictive analytics, combining data mining and statistical analysis (Kelly, 2009). 
     Thus, business intelligence software is not only useful in collecting and disseminating information between separate departments, running reports, and making predictions based on past performance but also in conducting analyses of the external environment of the company, including market analysis based on latest economic trends (King, 2009).  Moreover, this technology is meant to help the organization with customer relationship management.  After all, employees using the system are able to speedily retrieve necessary information in order to satisfy customers (Jasra, 2009).  I would add that this software must undoubtedly satisfy both the user and the customer.  Business efficiency must undoubtedly benefit everybody.


All Files Reduced to the Size of a Thumb
     I have been using the C drive to manage all of my files for college. This is because the thumb or flash drive lacks compatibility with the operating system installed on my computer Windows 98. However, I have learned that I may purchase a thumb drive that is equipped with the software required to install a Windows 98 drive on my computer within sixty seconds (What is a Thumb Drive, 2009).
 Although I am not a user as yet, I understand that the thumb drive could provide great benefits to the student who uses it to store coursework. Using the thumb drive, a student may store his or her coursework for an entire year or even longer (Burns, 2007). The thumb drive may accommodate up to eight gigabytes, although most students may want to settle for 256 to 512 megabytes. Besides, the thumb drive is almost never scratched. It is the size of a thumb, so therefore students may carry it anywhere they want (What is a Thumb Drive). And, if their computers ever crash, the thumb drive would continue to hold their course material for them.
 Another important advantage of the thumb drive for students is that the drive is re-writable. Students do not have to buy new drives once they have completed the courses that they used their drives for. The material for their new courses may be stored into the old drives, allowing them to save money (What is a Thumb Drive). At the same time, however, students must be careful not to lose their thumb drives. Because these drives are exceptionally small, it is easy for students to misplace them. Hence, I would not recommend the thumb drive to a friend if he or she happens to be an absent minded individual.  Then again, components of the system unit require care and management lest they fail us.  My absent minded friends would automatically learn this lesson if they misplace their thumb drives containing important assignments.

Technological Power and Abuse of Power
     Rob Milliron, a construction worker, was enjoying his lunch in an entertainment area of Tampa, Florida, when a government camera equipped with face recognition technology took his photograph.  The photo was used without Millirons consent in an article published in the U.S. News  World Report.  When a woman in Oklahoma misidentified Milliron after seeing that photo and contacted the police to have him arrested on child neglect charges, the man in the picture was forced to explain his innocence to law enforcement agencies.  He told a newspaper once his explanation had been accepted They made me feel like a criminal (Alexander  Richert-Boe). 
     This case raises ethical concerns regarding use of facial recognition surveillance.  Although common use of this technology is yet to be realized, its future in areas of security and public safety appears rather promising.  However, as Millirons case shows, there are issues of legality with reference to face recognition surveillance.  We have to bring into consideration the Fourth Amendment to understand these issues (Bennett, 2001).  
     The United States Supreme Court held in Katz v. United States that the Fourth Amendment would afford constitutional protection in those areas in which an individual reasonably expects privacy (Bennett).  Of course, Milliron should not have expected privacy in a public place.  Even so, his photograph was used without his consent.  It was an invasion of Millirons privacy to publish the photo.  Hence, this case shows that the power of input devises such as face recognition technology must not be abused.  Damaging individuals with computing devices is a crime, regardless of the identity of the criminal.  Let us hope that everybody using powerful input devices  including my community  bears Milliron in mind.  I would not want to be in his place.
Imagine Workplaces without Printers
     Although there are various models provided by textbooks to understand and measure organizational effectiveness, the basic meaning of organizational effectiveness remains unchanged It is for the organization to be doing everything that it knows how to do, and to be doing it well.  The organization knows how to manage its employees, and manufacture the products or provide the services that it originally set out to manufacture or provide.  However, in order to be effective in its operations, the organization should be managing its employees well, and manufacturing good quality products or providing high quality services to its customers.  What is more, in the business environment today, the organization that is effective in its operations must be efficiently and productively using information technology.  This is, in fact, one of the requirements of organizational effectiveness (Helms). 
     Computers, with their input and output devices, help to organize plans, letters, legal documents, articles, and countless other files including indispensable information.  In other words, computing helps to modernize as well as simplify the whole process of working with documents.  Thus, the organization is able to do its job well, seeing that computers are designed to perform routine tasks that humans might perform only with mistakes because they dislike and get easily wearied with monotonous assignments.  What is more, time is money in the business world.  By using computers to handle routine tasks with speed, the organization is using its human resources for jobs that only skilled human beings would be able to handle.  Hence, everything at the organization runs well. 
     Can you imagine a workplace without printers  I certainly would not agree to work there.  I know that an organization that lacks access to a basic output device such as a printer is an ineffective one.  I would buy a printer for that organization if I must work there.  
Storage of Personal Data Positive or Largely Negative
     The fact that computer privacy is endangered in the era of abundant usage of information systems sheds negative light on the use of these systems. Unsurprisingly, countless individuals and organizations must shirk the use of information systems for this reason. Organizations where computer privacy is at risk may have to pay a heavy price for security breaches.
     Hollinger (2006) writes about a law in New Hampshire to fight the dangers of breach of data and information through the use of information systems. In effect since January 1, 2007, new sections to the right-to-privacy statute require businesses to promptly inform individuals that are likely to be affected by a breach of data and information (Hollinger). Even if a business is unsure that the stolen information would be misused, this requirement of the law stands. Individuals whose personal data has been stolen may be informed in writing, by email, or by telephone with a description of the incident, date of the breach, type of personal information accessed, and a telephone contact (Hollinger). If there are more than one thousand people who may be affected by the breach of data and information, and the total cost to be borne by the business for notifying them exceeds 5,000, the law allows statewide publication of the incident through a newspaper, website or electronic newsletter. Moreover, regulated businesses must inform their primary regulators about the security breach. Other businesses are required to inform the New Hampshire attorney generals office (Hollinger). If a business fails to meet all requirements of the new law, it may be subjected to severe penalties (Hollinger). 
     Of course, the organization also loses community goodwill if such a case is publicized.  Thus, storage of information on computerized systems could be very costly, even though the nature of the business may require storage of personal information about stakeholders.  I would feel very anxious if my doctor or bank informs me about a security breach that affects me.
The Miracle of Computer Communication in Coping with Disease
     Computers do not only connect people in business, schools, and healthcare centers, but also in their homes.  Individuals suffering from a particular disease may form their own support groups to gather invaluable information that may help them cope with the disease.  I personally know an individual who has had first-hand experience with such groups.  According to this person  a terminally ill patient  such groups are essential because family and friends may not always understand or have time to comprehend the psychology of the patient.  Chat support groups for women that are suffering from breast cancer have been scientifically proven as successful.  These support groups are known to have helped women suffering from breast cancer to experience a reduction in depression.  I have been further informed that even pain reactions may be reduced when many women suffering from the same illness use the Internet to chat with each other, thereby forming unique support systems for themselves.
     An Internet-based support system allows ailing individuals to feel safe, as they may hide their real identities if they must.  Chatting with some of the individuals using the system reveals that safety and anonymity are matters of great import for a terminally ill patient.  Because some of the patients believe in keeping their illness an absolute secret  to the extent that even their family and friends are unaware of the real problems they are confronting  computer communication using the Internet is an avenue for such individuals to get the emotional support they require, regardless of their face-to-face, personal relationships. 
     I commend the developers of such chat rooms.  In fact, I am urged to call them Christ-like.  Computer communication is, indeed, a miracle.  Moreover, it allows us to remember that we are never alone, regardless of what we face in our personal lives.  Computer communication connects us with the entire world.

Wireless technology is a global innovation through which its various functions in traditional form are made mobile and accessible without spatial limits. The antecedent to the continuous development of wireless technology is the necessity to bridge communication gaps. Different challenges and difficulties in communication and networking have prompted the development of wireless technology. (Rhoton, 2002) Apart from facilitating effortless communication, wireless technology also smoothen the progress of data or information transfer and offer entertainment on the go for its users. (Firestone, 2008)
    Due to the benefits and contributions of wireless technology, it has been adapted, developed, and established in different fields. Wireless technology may be for personal use through the utilization of cell phones, wireless Internet connections, and handheld devices such as PDAs (Firestone, 2008, p. 5). In the field of medicine, wireless technology is being utilized in order to improve networking and communications for a more efficient mode of providing medical services to patients. For instance, cardiac pacemakers are equipped with wireless technology for the purpose of correcting heart rhythms. (Firestone, 2008, p. 5).
Wireless technology also contributes to the field of business and commerce by providing a means by which corporations may expand and grow by relying on wireless technology for setting up and operating e-commerce. (Wheeler, 2004 Tsai, 2003) In education, wireless technology is instrumental in assisting academic institutions resolve certain problems that hinder the development and enrichment of the teaching and learning process. (Sharma  Nakamura, 2003) By and large, wireless technology has played an important part in modern society. With this in mind, the remainder of this text will look into the various influences of wireless technology to
The Influence of Wireless Technology to Man and Society   
    Initially, the presence of wireless technology creates a sudden need or demand for these kinds of devices. Various groups in society have assigned the roles or uses of wireless technology, whereas if nonexistent, these particular needs will peter out or cease to exist. For instance, most adolescents nowadays would regard mobile and smart phones essential parts of their daily lives, while this need was nonexistent beforehand. In the workplace, the use of wireless technology has also prompted the need for individuals to be well-versed about technology and how it is used. Working adults primarily regard these devices wireless technology devices as utilitarian business tools teenagers and young adults look at them as a platform for entertainment (Miller, 2004, p. 324).
    The influence of wireless technology in expanding the needs of man may be explained by the Theory of Needs by Abraham Maslow. According to Maslow, human need is a psychological construct composed of five levels physiological, safety, social, ego, and self-actualization (Taniar, 2009, p. 58). Wireless technology offers benefits that appeal to different human needs as explicated by Maslows theory. Wireless technology meets physiological and material needs the safety features of technology appeals to security needs wireless technology facilitates social interaction the knowledge and skills in utilizing and understanding wireless technology appeals to a mans pride or ego various wireless technological tools may be used in different aspects of life to accomplish success and make work more efficient, etc.
    Aside from human needs, wireless technology also affects an individuals culture of human beings in modern society. The platform of technology has changed the structure of society too much. For instance, impersonal communication or interaction has become common, lessening the value of personal interaction among individuals. Wireless technology also strongly influences the perspectives of individuals, which are reflected in their language. From an evolutionary view, we are seeing a new case in which the adoption of new technology affects language, including vocabulary and rules of grammar in practices. And these practices ultimately affect the common language, and language itself (Castells, 2007, p. 184).
    As previously mentioned, wireless technology also affects decision-making processes and priority setting. These arguments are palpable by observing purchasing decisions of individuals and the reason by which people choose to purchase wireless technology over other objects or goods. An example of this would be the popularity of mobile phones as opposed to telephones with fixed lines. (Shi, 2004) Cultural influences of wireless technology, that are inherent in decisions and priorities, are evident in adoption rates and styles (Shi, 2004, p. 8) of human beings. For instance, Cultural factors affect the preference for mobile phones over fixed phones they also influence handset sizes and style preferences (Shi, 2004, p. 8).
    In addition, the priorities of individuals change with the various contributions and opportunities that wireless technology plays in an individuals life. Technically speaking, Consumers may want different levels of detail in information depending on the situation. In a wireless world, we believe that they tend to prefer information in a compact form because they will tend to use wireless devices while on the go and because of technology limitations (Pal  Rangaswamy, 2003, p. 67). Thus, the priority of human beings have shifted from directly accomplishing their goals and objectives in the different aspects of their lives to the identification and acquisition of various tools and instruments by which the arduous process may be simplified and made less complex for them. Furthermore, the priority of human beings, which have led to heavy reliance on wireless technology, is to make life less difficult by looking for ways by which difficulties may be lessened. Customization of wireless technology to address the difficulties of individuals in accomplishing roles and responsibilities in different areas of life has been the priority of modern society.
    Finally, wireless technology leads to the ability of man to create and innovate. This is palpable in the increasing development of technology. The existence of Global Positioning Systems, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Broadband Internet, 3G and 4G technologies have proven that technology is heading towards one direction and the capacity of man to develop technology fuels it.
Conclusion 
    Overall, the major arguments presented above reveal that wireless technology, when it comes to man and society, has generally influenced and transformed culture. First, the existence of wireless technology along with the various benefits and contributions that it offers to man, appeals to human needs in various levels. Thus, man perceives wireless technology to be a need. Second, wireless technology influences decision-making processes, specifically in terms of purchasing or consumerism. Third, in relation to the second argument, wireless technology affects the priorities of man. From a goal-driven society, people have become more conscious or aware of the need to create several ways in which the accomplishment of goals and objectives in various areas or fields of life will become more efficient and less difficult. Finally, wireless technology enables man to create or innovate. The features of wireless technology allow man to fulfill his functions in different areas of his life, as well as to improve technology to fit the needs of man.

Genetic engineering has seen the production of genetically engineered foods which have brought about a lot of controversy regarding their safety for human consumption among other ethical issues. This hot debate has reigned in the public and also among professionals in this field with some arguing that the foods derived from this technology pose a great risk to human health whereas the other side sees no detrimental effects of consuming these foods. This paper argues for the use of genetically modified foods and therefore it gives justifications on why genetically modified foods are safe. By countering the controversial views of those who argue against these foods, important questions regarding safety of these foods have been answered eventually informing the organizations and other players in the genetic engineering field.
What are genetically modified foods
    To gain a clear understanding of this argument, it is pertinent to have a clear understanding of which foods are termed as genetically engineered and the process through which they are made. With this information, it is also possible to differentiate them from the organic and naturally occurring foods. Genetic modification entails altering the genetic composition of an organism. Genetically modified foods result from a combination of genes from different organisms (plants, animals or bacteria). The foods are also referred to as genetically engineered foods or transgenic (Human Genome project Information, para 1).
Other than introducing foreign genes in an organism to end up with a genetically modified food, it is also possible to obtain the same by rearranging the existing genes such that new characteristics are expressed on the original organism. Genetic modification is done using molecular tools. There are several foods that have undergone genetic modifications including tomatoes that have been made such that they delay in ripening as with the case of the Flavr SavrTM Tomato that contain a gene that helps the cell wall remain stable making the tomato remain firm for shipping and long storage (Schneider  Schneider, para 2). Other foods have been modified to resist pests whereas others have had their nutritional value added.
A clear point to note is that genetically modified foods date back to the ancient days whereby genetic alterations resulted from the practice hybridization and traditional breeding. The only difference with modern modifications is the use of recombinant technology in the process of recombinant DNA technology.
Have you ever consumed a genetically modified food
    Most likely you have consumed a genetically modified food with or without your knowledge. In any case, settled agriculture has been in practice in the last 8000 years ago and selective breeding was in practice then with farmers going for disease and pest resistant crops (McLean, para 3). Even in the current era of modern biotechnology, most of us have consumed these modified foods. With 252 million acres of genetically modified crops being planted in 22 countries by year 2006, it is likely that you could have used one of these foods. The United States had a 57 percent contribution followed by Argentina which took a share of 17. South Africa contributed a one percent production of the GM products in the same year (Human Genome project Information, para 5). This technology has helped in meeting the challenge of food in the globe without any considerable risk being mentioned with their consumption. Why then should we not continue consuming the genetically modified foods if for centuries we have been safe with their consumption
A case for use of genetically modified foods
    The debate against the use of GM food is not well founded and overlooks several existing facts. In actual sense, fighting the use of genetic food is a brutal refusal of accepting reality. Other than establishing that we have been consuming genetically altered foods over the decades without any harm, its point blank that the existing controversies are more of technical and procedural problems and not safety problems.
    A section of people argue that the transgene (foreign gene in a new organism) is toxic and that it can be transferred to the consumer. The fact is that every day we take up not less than 0.1 to 1 germ of DNA in our meals. A transgene in a GM food would therefore not be new to our system. Furthermore, the transgene is also in insignificant small amounts. Studies also show that foreign DNA introduced through the diet is not directly toxic. Instead, the foreign DNA has been found to be helpful in the functioning of the gut and the immune system. Why then should we think that consuming food products that have been modified will lead to the incorporation of the foreign genes in our genomes In any case, foreign DNA would be broken down by defense mechanisms such as hydrolytic breakdown, excision and silencing of the foreign gene via DNA methylation thus avoiding incorporation and expression in the consuming organism (Hollingworth et al, p 3). The above facts show that the possibility of undesirable effects coming up due to existence of foreign DNA in foods is negligible.
    We recognize that genetically modified foods may have increased risk of developing allergies or heighten allergic reactions in already susceptible individuals (Whitman, para 7). Why are the anti-GMOs focusing on this issue while it is well known that even conventional foods also cause allergies Upon introduction, the kiwi fruit in the United States and Europe in the 1960s, the kiwi fruit did not bring any allergies but has currently caused allergies in some people (Winter  Gallegos, p 1). It is needless to worry about such an issue since there are strict regulatory measures set up to evaluate any possibility of GM foods evoking allergies. The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) together with International Food and Biotechnology Council developed a way of assessing allergenicity in GM foods and has gained review approval from the World Health Organization (WHO) and food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (Hollingworth et al, p 3). With such stringent control measures, the consumers should feel safe consuming GM foods. Genetic engineering may actually solve the problem of allergies as it is for instance possible to modify peanuts to make their proteins non-allergic or less allergic (Jegtvig, para 7). Why cant people focus on such positives and stop assuming some adverse effects
    There are arguments that genetically modified products such as Bt cotton or maize can produce toxins that can harm consumers and handlers. The fact however is that Bt toxins have been found to be safe on humans and animals as they are easily digested. The toxin is however effective on the target pests and this makes the technology superb. The genetic engineers have however been careful to consider every transegene separately thereby leaving the technology almost waterproof.
Regulation of genetically modified foods
    The safety of GM foods is ensured by the stringent regulations maintained by credible regulatory bodies. In the U.S, there are several regulatory and advisory bodies including the Animal and Plant Health Inspectorate Service (APHIS), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Jason-Smith, para 1). The health concerns about GM foods are well addressed by the FDA as per the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Safety requirements are set by FDA and communicated to producers of GM foods thus helping them to achieve the required safety standards. The companies have to submit their products to FDA for approval and if a product does not meet the standards, it is not allowed in the market. No one should fear consuming GM foods since all those that are currently in the market have gone through thorough safety assessment by FDA and have been found safe (Winter  Gallegos, p 2). If we can have confidence on FDA and other recognized food safety agencies when assessing conventional foods, why should we doubt the credibility of these bodies when it comes to GM foods To deal with potent allergens in GM foods, the FDA has established measures that ensure that all producers of genetically modified foods table scientific evidence to show that the product does not contain any allergenic substance. Failure to produce such evidence calls for labeling of the product as a GM food so that consumers are aware (Schneider  Schneider, para 3).
    Although controversy has risen with approval of several GM products in the U.S., no harm has been particularly associated with these. The U.S. has approved commercialization of the Flavr SavrTM Tomato, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn, the controversial StarLink corn and the L-tryptophan. Some of these have been found to have some adverse effects like the L-tryptophan related deaths in late 1980s but the risks were not as a result the transegene but rather due to lack of other quality control measures (Schneider  Schneider, para 4). This implies that we need not worry of the process of coming up with a safe food product but rather worry whether the product is safe. GM foods in this case are safe but unfortunately critics look into the technology too much and end up criticizing a safe food product.
    Those who worry of introducing antibiotic resistance genes should stop doing so since there is no documented evidence of such a transfer. Furthermore, the introduced genes are usually very negligible. To avoid probable introduction of the genes, the genetic engineering field is able to have the antibiotic resistant genes removed before incorporating the gene into the food product (Winter  Gallegos, p 5). The question of nutritional value of GM foods compared to conventional foods is nothing to worry about since the products are manufactured to meet the nutritional equivalents of conventional foods and if any further modification is done, this aims at improving the value of the food. The work of FDA and other regulatory bodies is to oversee these concerns and to give appropriate guidelines and restrictions.
    Stringent control measures are not only regulated by the U.S. FDA as other countries have even more strict guidelines concerning approval of GM foods. The European Union (EU) for instance is very thorough in this assessment. Manufacturers or importers of GM foods obtain approval from a member state which does case by case risk assessment of the GM food. In addition, the member state gives important information to the EU Commission which then informs other member states and waits for their approval. Failure of approval by a single state means that the food cannot be produced or imported. This rigorous procedure cannot allow health threats to pass through and therefore one should be confident when consumed an EU approved GM food (Berkey, para 4). In essence, regulatory measures and public awareness are the only lacking pieces of knowledge to the public and some governments and the way to consumption of the highly beneficial genetically modified foods will be opened.
    Currently, a new genetic modification known as marker-assisted selection (MAS) has come into the scene and this has proved beneficial and reliable as far as safety concerns are to be considered. This technology should give all consumers confidence of using GM foods since it involves using the organisms own DNA to select for desired characteristics such as quality of meat or plant productivity (Schneider  Schneider, para 7).
    Since no evidence has been documented on the harm caused by GM foods that have passed the necessary regulatory procedures, the anti-GMOs should arise and accept the reality of the potential benefits accrued to the GM foods. Millions of children are suffering from malnutrition whereas others especially in the developing countries die of hunger when a solution is at hand. Imagine of a technology that would ensure that a single food product such as maize containing all the essential nutrients in a diet This would save millions of lives. Unfounded fear of GM foods has posed serious food crisis as well as nutritional crisis.
    Many anti-GM food activists argue from a political perspective and not from an evidence-based position. There is no good reason to deny the public access to the highly beneficial GM products on the basis of whether a product is labeled as a GM food or not. The most essential question to raise here is whether it has gone the proper approval procedures by accredited bodies (World Health Organization, para 6). If however people demand that these products be labeled, then there is no reason why they should not be labeled to promote democracy and choice. The ultimate thing is that whether labeled or not, an approved GM product will always remain safe and beneficial with many of them being better in terms of quality than the conventional or organic foods. Were it not for continued improvement in food productivity from as early as the history of agriculture, man could have fallen short of food production culminate his existence.
Conclusion
    Genetically modified foods that have passed through the right risk assessment stages are already in the market and are safe for consumption. There should not be any fear while consuming such a product unless you are sure that it has not gone through assessment. It is unfortunate that the benefits of these foods have not been reaped by a majority due to lack of proper and reliable knowledge regarding GM foods. It is the responsibility of governments and scientists in this field to pass the accurate information to the public for us to enhance the adoption of this live-saving technology failure to which world food crisis and malnutrition will persist.

A computer applications given to help surgeons  to achieve great results in the patient operations and also technology has taken as the most important part of the surgery to achieve the required of operations, surgeons are using such as robot ,laser devices simulations and imaging scans for easier and safer treatment.
Computer application on surgery involves surgical concept and set methods that use computer technology for surgical planning and for guiding or performing surgical interventions .this can well be known as computer aided surgery, computer assisted intervention, image guided surgery and surgical navigation. The working principle behind this is that the anatomical region to be operated has to be scanned and uploaded into the computer systems where the system converts the results to be readable. This can also involve a number of scanning methods with datasets combined through data fusion technique. Surgery is a traumatic invasion of the body and should be deserved for situations that demand the actual removal of disease or damaged organs or tissue or the correction (social impacts of computer pg183)
The final objective is the creation of three dimensional dataset that reproduces the exact geometrical situation of the normal and pathological tissues and structures of that region. And of the available scanning methods the CT is preferred because MRI datasets are known to have volumetric deformations that may lead to inaccuracy. The following are examples of computer aide surgery
1. Neurosurgery
2. Oral and maxi facial surgery
3. Orthopaedic surgery
4. Visceral surgery
5. Radio surgery
This report focuses on the following sub topics
Benefits of computer
 Application on surgery
Due to computer involvement in robot assisted micro surgeon high dexterity operations with the help of robotic hands can be performed perfectly and this means that the surgeon can be able to carry out a more precise and a highly controlled surgery.
In sarafs article role of robot assisted microsurgery in plastic surgery Indian journal of

Plastic surgery, 39 57-61.following the study and research carried out at the field the

High degree of accuracy is achieved since the surgeon needs not to use his own hands which are prone to tremors or irregular frequency and hand jerk which can cause a defect on a tissue. This problem of tremors is totally eliminated by the help of tremor filters and motion scalpers leading to superior dexterity. Through computer aided surgery, surgeons can easily asses most of the surgical difficulties and risks and have a clear idea how to optimize the surgical approach and decrease surgical mobility. During the operation the computer guidance improves the geometrical accuracy of the surgical gestures and also reduces the redundancy of the surgeons act thus improving the ergonomic in the operating theatre is improved. Computer aided surgery also helps to decrease the risks of surgical errors sand reduces the operating time thus saving more time for taking other operations. The limiting factors basically arise due to undesired involuntary and inadvertent movement of the hand which creates an error component in hand motion (s.saraf 19, 2006)

This technology has also saved surgeons a lot since it reduces the risks involved when handling deadly diseases like Aids which are not curable. as a result of computer application in surgery patients have benefited from it since there is less discomfort  quicker recovery  and return to normal life shortly after surgery as quoted by Haaf Wendy in medical application ,heart surgery report. In spite of the above benefits computer aide surgery has its risks that are involved during the whole process. It also has a potentially invaluable use during microsurgery involving high risk patients patients with HIV, to protect the surgeon from virus transmission (s.saraf 2006)


Risks Involved In
 Computer Aided Surgery
In the article journal of plastic by saraf 39(1), 57-61 New and developing technologies in

the medical or surgical field and furthermore experimental devices might raise new and

unforeseen risks for the patient or even the surgical team involved in the exercise. Ethical

committee of the medic institution have to analyze ethical issues involved for each and

every new developed device or technology and in this manner a lot of time is really

wasted waiting for their decision. High cost of initial development of such technologies

that can be covered mostly by major hospital may raise questions about providing equal

access to medical care for the patients. Most major hospitals have acquired CAT scanners even though the price is around  I million (medicines and computer pg184). Another risks involved this is that when patients

are exposed to the x-ray  the ultra violet rays kills the white blood cells thus destabilizing

 the body and later it can lead to death.

Techniques of robotic
 Surgery

 In the book social impacts of computers medicine and computers, robotic surgery pg188     Performed high quality, tremor free, precise microsurgery without any technological problem and intra operative complications. The robotic systems interacting the patient includes usually three robotic arms to manipulate surgical instrument and a third to position the endoscopic camera at the optimal position. A robotically assisted telescopic camera, controlled by voice commands, gives the surgeon a video picture 10 to 15 times normal magnification camera positions can be saved for rapid return haaf Wendy 2000 July article  heart surgery with a robotic hand

The surgeon controls the position of the robot arms and in turn surgical instruments via the handles at the console and third endoscopic camera arm by a voice command providing the surgeon precise and stable view of the actual surgical field.
The microsurgery technique requires many yeas of training to be proficient the instrument involved virtually became specialized extensions of the surgeons hand .as the outcome in  microsurgery procedure is often dependent on technical quality the enhanced precision provide by robotic systems is likely to have profound effect on the outcome.
As per Bale Melzers in the radiological  society of Europe newsletter (2006)Robotic surgery can be divide  into three depending on the degree of surgeons interaction during the procedure supervisory controlled , telesurgery and shared  controlled surgery. In supervisory controlled systems the procedure is executed solely by the robot which performs the pre-programmed actions .while in a telesurgical system which is also known as remote surgery requires the surgeon to manipulate the robotic arms during the procedure rather than allowing the robotic arms to work from a pre determined program. With shared system the surgeon carries out the procedure with the use of robots that offers steady hand-manipulation of the instrument .in most the working mode can be chosen for each separate intervention depending on surgical complexity and the particularity of the case. The 3-D graphic display gave me an amazing view of the operative field and the hands controls provided precise control over the instruments. In fact I was able to suture with more precision than with conventional surgery (Dr.Galen page 188).

Diagnostic, Pre-operative Planning,
Surgical Simulation
Using specialized software such as osinix the gathered dataset can be rendered as a virtual three dimensional model and can be easily manipulated by the surgeon to provide views from any angle and any depth within the volume thus the surgeon can better asses the case and establish a more accurate diagnostic. The surgical intervention will be planned and stimulated virtually before actual surgery takes place. Using a dedicated softwarethe surgical robot will be programmed to carry out the pre-planned actions during actual surgical intervention.

Lasers technology in
Surgery
Laser and optical technologies have also helped a lot in surgery the most involvement in

removal or targeting of unwanted particle from the tissues by effecting chemical,

mechanical or thermal changes .the technology also can help to reduce excessive fats

from the body and in treating vascular lesions such as port-wine stains among other many

Complications the laser and optical technologies are heading to safer ways day by

day. This is according to Wu, E,  Wong B article 2008 laser and optical technologies in

facial plastic surgery, 10(6)38. Isotope emission of radioactive particles are used to produce nuclear-medicine images which results from the different concentration of radioactive tagged molecule in various tissues( computer applications in health care and biomedicine pg 486)


Surgical robotic technology has really played a great role in peoples lives day by day and any efforts to support it strongly will be highly appreciated so as to help doctors in developing this section which handles delicate parts of the human body.eventhough it continues to entirely depend on programmers to design software as per PJ Connolly. (2000 November) robotic surgery techniques equal safety article InfoWorld, 22(47), 74.

Boeing is the world leader in the manufacturing of aeronautical for domestic as well as defense purposes. Boeing has a wide customer base in many parts of the world and its operations spread across multiple countries. Boeing does not have its manufacturing presence in India and it is considering the expansion of its operations in to India. This gives the company easy access to a number of resources required for the manufacturing of its planes such as raw materials and highly skilled labor resource etc... However there could be several risks associated when a company ventures into a new country to establish its operations in that country. This paper aims to evaluate the risks involved in Boeings possible entry into India and the possible mitigation measures. The main objective here is to examine if it could still be favorable for Boeing to venture into India in spite of these risk factors.
   
Boeing  its prospective expansion into India
Boeing is the worlds leading aerospace company and the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military aircraft combined. Additionally, Boeing designs and manufactures rotorcraft, electronic and defense systems, missiles, satellites, launch vehicles and advanced information and communication systems. As a major service provider to NASA, Boeing operates the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. The company also provides numerous military and commercial airline support services. Boeing has customers in more than 90 countries around the world and is one of the largest U.S. exporters in terms of sales. (Boeing, 2009)

Headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, USA, it headed by W. James McNerney, Jr as its CEO, James A. Bell as its CFO and J. Michael Luttig as its General Counsel. Its revenue figure was US  60.91 Billion for the financial year of 2008. It then had a net income of  2.67 billion.
Boeings official website sources (Boeing) indicate that Boeing has manufacturing, technology and service partnerships with firms across the globe. It has around 22,000 contracts with partners and suppliers globally. It also has designing, research and technology development centers in many countries. Boeing currently has its operations in Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Middle East, Russia, Spain and UK.

Currently does not have its manufacturing presence in India. It would be a good option for Boeing to venture into the Indian market to establish its manufacturing presence in that country. This would be a right time for Boeing to enter into India to set up its manufacturing presence because of the relatively cheaper human resources. India is also strategically located connecting various parts of Asia and Australia through land and sea on one side and the gulf countries and Europe on the other side. This is would be very convenient for Boeing to acquire raw materials easily for its manufacturing operations in India. India is also a hub for the manufacture and export of many auto components so Boeing will have an easy access to all the raw materials it requires for the manufacture of its products from the Indian market. Another import factor to be considered is that Indian government is very investor friendly and it encourages foreign investors by providing them various incentives such as land at cheap prices to construct their industries, tax concessions etc Therefore it would be a good idea for Boeing to venture into India to set up its manufacturing base.
However when a corporation is venturing into a new country to establish its operations there, there could be a number for factors that need to be considered before entering the country. These factors include the risk factors such as the political risks, legal risk, financial risk etc We also need to consider the nature of business risks associated with the new venture by taking into consideration various issues associated with the competitors and customers. Last but not the least the cross cultural differences between the employees of the home country (USA) as well as India need to be considered to understand the potential risks or opportunities that could arise out of such differences. All these risk factors will now be discussed in detail in the following pages.

Business Risks
Today, HAL has 19 Production Units and 9 Research and Design Centers in 7 locations in India. The Company has an impressive product track record - 12 types of aircraft manufactured with in-house R  D and 14 types produced under license. HAL has manufactured over 3550 aircraft, 3600 engines and overhauled over 8150 aircraft and 27300 engines. (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited)

There are certain business risks that are involved in Boeing expanding its operations into India. Boeing may encounter some of the aircraft manufacturers in the Indian market such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Though HAL might not be a direct threat to Boeings global businesses in the short run, there might be some other significant problems that Boeing may face due to HALs presence in India. HAL may go for lateral recruitment of Boeings employees which might leak sensitive information or its higher end technology to HAL. Since these two will be the two major aircraft manufacturing companies they both may end up employee poaching from each other. This may result in higher employee attrition rate among both the companies.

On the international front, its major competitor Airbus might go a step further by establishing its manufacturing facilities in China which is even cheaper in terms of manpower thereby reducing its overall production costs of aircrafts. This may result in a price war between the major air craft manufacturers. 

Political and Legal Risk
India is the worlds largest democracy. The Indian democracy has been quite successfully running the economy right from the time of the Indian independence of 1947. However in the Indian parliamentary democracy there is a chance that no party might get a full majority at times and a coalition government may be formed. If such shall be the case as it had been for quite a number of times in the past, the developmental activities in the country and the economic progress will be slowed down. Who comes to power is highly unpredictable in Indian politics.

India has had coalition governments at the Centre as well as in individual states since the last two decades. Since India is a diverse country with different ethnic, linguistic and religious communities, it also has diverse ideologies. (The Viewspaper, 2008)

There might be a lot of differences between the central and the state governments. In such a scenario, the businesses may have to get the support from both the centre and the state. A lack of support from any one of the government bodies could result in a problem to the business establishment. This fact has been very clearly established when one of the US companies (Exon Mobil) had the support of the central government to conduct its operations in India, however it had failed to impress upon the state government of Maharashtra in which it had started its operations. As a result, the state government created problems to the company and made sure that its was not able to carry out its business operations in India.

In India, the web of corruption probably has a bureaucratic core. A vast bureaucracy that is instituted to control every aspect of economic life creates the incentives for individual and institutionalized corruption. Then the democratic political system uses that bureaucracy to extract rents that are used for fueling the vast political machinery. (Dey, 2003)

Another major problem running a business in India is the corrupt bureaucracy. The businesses could also turn this factor to their advantage because they could easily get things done by bribing the appropriate government officials. 

US President Barack Obama on Tuesday took note of the historic animosity between Pakistan and India and signaled the United States wanted to find ways to reduce tensions between the two countries. (httpwww.thenews.com.pktop_story_detail.aspId25767)

India is known to have had tensions with its neighbors such as Pakistan on the issue of Kashmir and with China on the issue of Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh. However these tensions seemed to have been reduced considerably these days as these countries are opting to resolve the issues with peace talks. 

More than 600 people have been killed and hundreds maimed and devastated in terror strikes in India in the last six years. (The Times of India, 2008)

India in the past has been subject to quite a number of terrorist attacks. There have been incidences of serial blasts in Mumbai, Delhi, and Bangalore etc which have been the work of terrorists.

India is a diverse country with a number of religions and languages coexisting together. Though there have been a few communal clashes in the past, India has been quite peaceful for most of the time in its history with the presence of relatively less communal violence on its soil.

Over three million cases are pending in just the 18 High Courts and more than 20,000 cases are pending in the Supreme Court for admission, interim relief or final hearing. This is not the full story since million more cases are pending at lower courts. The most protracted lawsuit ever recorded was in India (which has the dubious distinction of entering the Guinness Book of records). A Mahant, or a keeper of a temple, filed a suit in Pune in 1205 A.D., and the case was decided in 1966  a full 766 years later. However, we can take consolation that this is not the average time taken by the Indian courts for deciding cases. It is estimated that on average a case can take from seven to fifteen years. (Vaidyanathan, 2005)

The country has a good judicial system in place which was originally set up by the British. Justice will be served in this country but however there is a chance that it might be served very slow.

To overcome most of these political and legal risks, Boeing could find a suitable partner to enter into a joint venture in India. It could alternatively have a subsidiary company in India giving it sufficient freedom in India to run the business operations.

Financial Risk
There could be a minor degree of financial risk when Boeing is investing in India. Boeing being a manufacturer of sensitive defense equipment may be a terror target. Hence it would be ideal for Boeing to get insurance for its manufacturing plant as well as for its inventory.

The fact of the matter is that indirect tax is one area where very fewer reforms have been made over a couple of decades. Kelkar, chairman of the 13th Finance Commission has evolved an excellent and modern indirect tax regime known as GST (goods and service tax), which, if all goes well would be made operational from April 1, 2010. (Yadav, 2009)

Another form of financial risk that Boeing could encounter in India is the change in tax rates. There is a likely hood of this happening however the possibility is very less because India is moving towards the implementation of the GST which shall be in effect from the mid of the following year. Once the new tax law is implemented the chances of any further changes in the taxes will be very less.

Boeing could raise up to 50 of its finances for its expansion into India from the Indian market itself either through debt or equity. This significantly reduces the financial risk that Boeing will be carrying.
In spite of facing the financial risk, the Indian venture will still be very attractive to Boeing because of the significant reduction in the costs that Boeing could achieve on each plane that it manufactures in India.

Cross cultural differences
An Indian who hesitates to say No may actually be trying to convey that he is willing to try, but presuming the task to be unrealistic in nature, he may worry whethe he would get the job done. It is important to create a safe and comfortable work environment where it is okay to say No and also okay to make mistakes without the fear of repercussions. (Stulus Inc)

There are a lot of cross cultural differences between the United States and India that Boeing needs understand in order for it to be successful in its Indian venture.

Indias informal economy remains a large, important source of employment. The non-salary cost of employing a worker is moderate, but dismissing a redundant employee is costly. The difficulty of laying off a worker creates a disincentive for job creation. (The Heritage Foundation, 2009)

While in the United States, Boeing could afford to follow the classic hire and fire system, the Indian conditions make it difficult for Boeing to do so. Firing an employee in India is not as easy a job as hiring them.

In a group discussion, only the senior most person might speak, but that does not mean that the others agree with him. They may maintain silence, without contradicting him (or you) out of respect for seniority. Westernized Indians on the other hand can be quite assertive and direct and it is fine to treat them in the same manner. Politeness and honesty go a long way in establishing the fact that your intentions are genuine. (Stulus Inc)

However there are a lot of advantages in hiring the Indian employees. Indian workers are known for their inclination towards work. They would be easily willing to work in different shifts like in the night shift.
Women are treated with respect in the work place. They feel quite safe and secure in most organizations in India. Foreign women working here will find it easy to adapt to an Indian work environment. However, they need to plan their wardrobe carefully, keeping in mind the conservative dress codes in India. (Stulus Inc)
India is a land of diversity. There is a lot of diversity among people from different parts of India. So, for Boeing to establish its business in one state shall not be the same as establishing its presence in another state of India. Therefore Boeing will have to analyze the differences in cultures among the different states of India and at least understand the culture of that state in which Boeing will be establishing its manufacturing unit.

Summary
It is a good opportunity for Boeing to enter into the Indian market however we found many risks in the form of business, political, legal and financial risks to Boeings possible entry into India. It could have its potential business risk from its competitors. Boeing could possibly face political and legal risk in the form unstable democracy, differences between the centre and the state governments, corruption among the government officials, regional tensions with Pakistan and China, a slow judiciary system etc Boeing may also encounter financial risk in the form of a possible terrorist attack, or in the form of higher taxes. Last but not the least Boeing may have to understand the cross cultural differences between the working style in the United States and in India.

In spite of all these risks, the Boeings venturing into India could be strategic move to Boeing for it can get an enormous advantage in terms of access to a lot of resources in one place such as raw materials for its manufacturing operations, highly skilled and talented pool of human resources etc Boeing could have access to all these resources at a lesser price than what it is currently procuring now. With these dramatically reduced costs, Boeing could increase its profits to a large extent.
Therefore it is recommended that Boeing should expand its operations to India by establishing its manufacturing presence in the country.

The manufacturing or engineering of functional systems at molecular level or nanoscale can be termed as nanotechnology. The word nano has been coined to mean 10-9 or simply one billionth size. Special types of microscopes, scanning probe microscopes, are able to view particles the size of a nanometer.  In another definition, nanotechnology is the engineering of machines from molecules the size of a few nanometers.  These machines can be motors, robots and computers taking up the size smaller than a cell.  The field of nanotechnology cuts across several disciplines including medicine. Nanotechnologists often manipulate single atoms and molecules to create different microscopic systems. 

According to Allhoff (2007), nanotechnology is a novel science.  Although nanoscale systems have been engineered, the future of nanotechnology promises great innovations which will change the face of the earth that we live (Allhoff, 23). The first physicist to explain the term nanotechnology in 1959 was Richard Feynman.  He explained the new possibilities of manipulating atoms in a talk presented at the California Institute of Technology. In the new technology, Feynman said that it is achievable to assemble the atoms in any manner. However, these possibilities were received with mixed reactions by some scientists and the public.  One publication, Engines of Creation, 1986 by K. Eric Drexler, an engineering graduate from MIT, drew much controversy.  In his work, Drexler explained the incredible nanotechnology applications despite the nanotechnology being widely applied in sunscreen, fabric and the engineering of other materials (Drexler, 16).  According to Drexler, nanotechnology has a potential to put together with molecules making up systems that will fully function as molecular machines.

With the possibilities of nanotechnology and its products of molecular machines, Drexler suggests that it would be promising to engineer nearly whatever thing imagined and allowable by Physics laws through arranging the molecules into whichever pattern preferred. Medical engineers, through nanotechnology will be capable to design drugs acting like living cells machines that are able to roam in the diseased cells and hence cure them.  The exciting possibilities, according to Drexler, include super tough materials and computers very small to be seen by human eye (Drexler, 21).  The technology also promises the manufacturing which is pollution free and self changing matter like a chair self changing into a table or something else. By understanding nanotechnology and biosystems, it would be easier to create machines that make their own copies and amass themselves to make complex structures. The possibilities are exciting which promises a low cost of living and a strain free environment.

Nanotechnology received a grant of USD400 million during the second term of President Clinton. The funds were provided through the National Nanotechnology Initiative purposely to steer potential research in nanotechnology. The U.S. House of Representatives Science Committee, in April, 2003, was called to talk about the dangers and possible benefits of nanotechnology.  This was as a result of the proposed bill to boost funding in nanotechnology.

Although the benefits of nanotechnology seem really promising, there are key dangers associated with nanotechnology. Bill Joy working with Sun Microsystems expressed his panic of a situation of the dreaded gray goo. In this scenario, the self replicating nanobots overtake the world and swallow it up. Another recent publication, Prey, a science and fiction book by Michael Crichton highlights this fear. The application of nanotechnology requires implementation of policies, security to avoid unnecessary complications (Atkinson, 33). 

The fears attributed to nanotechnology are common.  An introduction of a powerful technology is able to cause enormous social changes or disruptions. The required step is to further nanotechnology in responsible ways for the society to harvest the benefits of the technology and avoid its harms. It has always been a trend that the society has to express fear when new technology is introduced and in most times, there is fear of changes. For example, the introduction of personal computer was received with some controversy and speculations.  There were claims that computers would overtake the world and reduce the need for human teachers by 1985. To present, more than two decades, nothing like such has been experienced, meaning that the claims were flaws (Dingman, 679).  It is agreed that there are many issues connected with the use of computers like the hacking which threatens the security and privacy.  However, one technology solves another problem afflicting another technology. Computers are widely used in the modern world and systems are protected from intruders by firewalls, antispy and antivirus programs. The society is time to time challenged by several problems.  As a result, it is willing receive the changes promised by nanotechnology since its benefits are rewarding.  Some of the problems affecting the society include disease, hunger and a number of chemical pollution.  Nanotechnology promises to make the problems a past tense but it needs dissemination of information to the public and policy regulations (Lemley, 56).

The miniature machines created by nanotechnologists are sometimes referred to as Personal nano factories or PNs.  Usually, the building of a PN requires a working fabricator.  A fabricator is a nanoscale device capable of combining different individual molecules into functional shapes (Gulati, Allen, 35). Fabricators are capable of building a miniature nanofactory, which in turn builds another nanofactory twice the size and the process continues to get a resulting complex system after some short time.

Personal nanofactory products are assembled from nanoblocks and then fabricated within the nanofactory. With the aid of CAD (Computer Aided Design) programs, the creation of highly advanced products is made possible.  This is done by identifying a pattern of nanoblocks predesigned.

The applications of nanofactories are diverse.  From the life saving medical nanorobots to tools to be used in wars, nanofactories promise to produce useful tools that will make easier most operations.  In computer industry, the networking of computers for all people in the world will be made possible.  This will also include the networking of cameras so that it will be great easier to watch everyone.  There will be improved economies as procedures will be taking shorter time hence productivity will be enhanced (Lemley, 57).  The rate of discoveries or invention of new products will be high.  In the field of weapon production and medicine, there will be great benefits.

One most applied field of nanotechnology is mechanochemistry. Mechanochemistry involves fixing of one or two molecules then pushing, twisting or pulling in a desired manner until chemical reactions occur at exact points so desired.  The procedure takes place in a vacuum meaning that the condition is under maximum control and no water or any molecules are interfering. Addition of an atom to a surface will necessitate the binding of the atom into a tool tip molecule at the extremes of a mechanical manipulator. The atom is moved close to the surface and it is necessary to ascertain that it has weaker attraction to the tool tip molecule than the surface (Dingman, 680).  On bringing them together, the bond transfers, this is the same concept in chemistry.  The difference existing between mechanochemistry and the ordinary chemistry is that in mechanochemistry, the tool tip molecule is always directed using computer controls.  This possibility ensures the performance of one reaction at many sites on the surface and a few reactions can give a lot of flexibility in what to be designed.

The technology of molecular manufacturing and nanotechnology has been perceived as rather a fiction due to its complexity and unfamiliarity.  This is the reason why its applications are real staggering.  The concepts are only understood by a few scientists and engineers and those who dont understand it out rightly say it is close to impossibility.  The situation leading to little applications of the technology is partly contributed by the misconceptions created by the media and science fictional hype.  In fact the scientists dismissing molecular manufacturing do not have prior knowledge in the field (Gulati, Allen, 46). They are mostly experts in chemistry, biotechnology, or some other related nanoscale sciences and technologies.  They therefore fail to embrace the technology since they poorly understand it.

The debate about the nanotechnology as a potential danger or savior takes a broad dimension.  It is true that nanotechnology can have great potential for benefit to humankind.  However, nanotechnology can also bring severe dangers. Great dangers arising form nanotechnology applications are as a result of malicious molecular manufacturing.  If the technology is properly administered and safely developed, dangers like toxic nanoparticle and other nanoscale technology products can be avoided greatly. It has therefore a threat to allow the applications of nanotechnology to continue through research. The limitation of the nanotechnology application can be said to be misleading because it will be close to reality to stop countries like china and Japan or Asia who have developed the nanotechnology because of the availability of scanning probe microscopy, biotechnology and other enabling technologies. The second reason why the stopping of nanotechnology isnt that easy is the promise the technology has for man in the future (Drexler, 29).  The great promises like environmental conservation and repair, manufacturing that is cheap, clean and efficient, medical discoveries and greatly advanced computer cannot let the technology to be stopped. 

The controversy created by the dangers of self-replicating nanobots has been the topic of discussion for a long time.  Molecular manufacturing is actually far from the grey goo stuff. The proposed production system restricts the free-floating assemblers sometimes referred as nanobots by fiction writers. It will not be easy to build extensive factories with all the machinery of nanoscale stuck down and entirely inert without any external control. Instead, self-replicating mechanochemical nanobots are governed by the laws of physics.  The fiction story, Prey, by Michael Crichton serves as a good entertainment and never based in good science (Dingman, 681).   Practically, molecular manufacturing has not been successfully

The development of nanotechnology and molecular manufacturing can greatly solve the problems that affect the world today. Example of these problems is the water shortage which is a severe and increasing problem. It is practical that much of the water in the planet earth is used for agriculture and industry.  Nanotechnology and molecular manufacturing promises to greatly reduce these requirements. In medicine nanotechnology is devising for mechanisms to manage infectious diseases.  This problem continues to scourge many parts of the world especially the developing world leading to poor quality of life.  Computers and other devises will be developed with ease meaning that there will be a reduction in cost.  The problem of electrical power still exists in many areas. Nanotechnology promises to make this efficient and cheap building of light emitting devices (Gulati, Allen, 50).  The electrical equipment and power storage devices will be available cheaply.  Nanotechnology will exploit the solar thermal power as a principal and copious source of energy. Through the use of advanced nanotech products, it is easier to address the problem of environmental degradation which is also a serious problem worldwide. The reduction in the need for space is one major addressing of nanotechnology.  Most countries cannot afford to the manufacturing infrastructure. Therefore, molecular manufacturing technology makes the manufacturing clean and self-contained taking less space.  Lastly, molecular manufacturing will provide cheap and highly advanced medical research and healthcare equipments rendering the availability of improved medicine. The cause of countless social unrest can be blamed on disease, material poverty and ignorance which molecular manufacturing is able to address.

There is no single known technology that is a solution to all problems.  Nanotechnology has promised exciting possibilities to solve a number of human problems. Technologies have been developed over years to address the problems of housing, plumbing and health. Proper practice of agriculture and industry can save the exploitation of water, land, materials, and labor resources.  This in the overall reduces pollution. The cheap and reliable power will mean that people will be able to access to information, education, and communication services.  These are sources of numerous opportunities for improving oneself to become efficient economically and have a participatory government (Allhoff, 28). The problem with modern industries is that the technology applied relies on dispersed manufacturing, which often requires a lot of particular materials and machines and extremely trained personnel. Molecular manufacturing can function without skilled labor once installed and no need for an extensive sustaining infrastructure.  It will be easier for a single personal nanofactory having a single chemical and power supply to produce a wide range of useful and reliable products. The PN can also make copies of itself doubling the infrastructure for manufacturing within a short time (Allhoff, 41).

The problem of wasting water is a concern to develop nanotechnology.  The recovery of tainted water by simple and reliable electrical and mechanochemical methods is possible with nanotechnology.  The water can again be used for domestic and agricultural use.  The physical filters having nanoscale pores remove almost 100 percent of bacteria, viruses and prions. Salts and heavy metals are also removed using an electrical separation technology which attracts the ions to the plates of a supercapacitor (Ratner, 11).

The solar energy is abundant but the harvesting is tricky.  Nanotechnology looks to harvest and make solar energy practicable and shift the tradition of using the fuels containing carbon. Carbon based fuels are non renewable, inefficient and emit carbon dioxide, radioactive particle and other waste products into the atmosphere. The generation of solar electricity depends on accumulating the direct sunlight or by photovoltaic conversion (Atkinson, 63). Nanotechnology can apply the sun-tracking designs using cheap computers and compact actuators to make energy available. The energy harvested can then be stored well for days in large flywheels made of thin diamond.

The face of the earth will change since computer will be much cheaper. It is possible for nanotechnology to develop computer logic gates just a few nanometers and still be adequate to be piled in three dimensions. A whole supercomputer can be the size of a cubic millimeter and be sold very cheap. It is also possible to build high computer display resolution with actuators the size less than a bacterium. With diamondoid technology, it is easier to compute, communicate and generate radio waves since the GHz mechanical frequencies senses and produces radio waves (Atkinson, 65).

In environmental protection, nanotechnology addresses the problem of environmental degradation caused by farming. The advanced technology will allow activities like green houses to dominate and pollute will be more contained.  The easily stored solar energy promised by nanotechnology will reduce sooth, ash, nitric oxide, carbondioxide and hydrocarbon emissions. Molecular manufacturing will result to the rapid deployment of environmental friendly technology that is self contained even in areas that currently do not have a technological infrastructure.

The medical field may take long to realize the fruits of molecular manufacturing although the technology will impact the practice of medicine. The diagnosis of diseases will be very easy and medical research will be intensified opening ways for quick response to emerging infections and those engineered. Continuous health monitoring will be possible through small numerous and cheap sensors, computers or other implantable devices (Dingman, 681).  These devices will allow semi-automated disease management.

The appropriate application of the technology needs the address of ethical issues.  The question on inheriting the future generation a world better than we found it seem to be in the minds of the people when a new technology is being introduced.  The increased population has led to degradation of environment the extinction of species, the social injustice, poverty, starvation, chronic warfare and incurable diseases. Technology hold the fate of humankind, it can spoil the fate or build it. Debates on applications of genetic engineering, nuclear physics and now nanotechnology fill the air. Particularly nanotechnology that cuts across diverse spheres needs ethical issues to be sufficiently addressed (Ratner, 17).  The ethical guidelines make the application of technology to be within the limit, only benefiting the humankind.

Nanotechnology is designed to create a world of wealth where all people access the basic requirements. The needs include sufficient safe water, food, housing, medical care, security, clean environment among others. The ethical aspect of nanotechnology is that it should give high priority to economic and efficient global products and services distribution.  In the defense sector, the military research and use of nanotechnology must only be restricted to security systems and defense but not for aggression or political agendas.  If there is any research funded by the governments that produces technological advances not related to military, the research must be publicized.

 It is a recommendation that all scientists working with nanotechnology to have a strong background on ecology and public safety or at least one of them in a team should have the knowledge.  This will ensure that the scientists are held responsible for any abuse of science.  Another ethical issue is that every publication and discussions on the topic of nanotechnology need to be accurate sticking to scientific methods to avoid any hazard that may arise due to improper practice (Ratner, 38). 

With proper use of nanotechnology, the world will make a positive step of sustaining the people with basic requirements at affordable costs.  The governments and organizations should donate to the development of this technology which has exciting promises of changing the face of the world.